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		<title>Acerca de la muerte de la pintura.</title>
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		<description><![CDATA[Presentación para MAM Junio 2010 ACERCA DE LA MUERTE DE LA PINTURA &#160; Cuando hablamos de la muerte de la pintura primero debemos analizar cómo ésta llegó a enfermarse. Debemos considerar la estructura politizada de poder de las falanges que aprueban y condenan. Los propagandistas de algunos artistas sobrepreciados de los años ochentas continúan al [...]]]></description>
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<p align="center">Presentación para MAM Junio 2010</p>
<h2 align="center">ACERCA DE LA MUERTE DE LA PINTURA</h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>Cuando hablamos de la muerte de la pintura primero debemos analizar cómo ésta llegó a enfermarse. Debemos considerar la estructura politizada de poder de las falanges que aprueban y condenan. Los propagandistas de algunos artistas sobrepreciados de los años ochentas continúan al mando, y siguen inventando modas con la misma ignorancia e irresponsabilidad de entonces.</em> <em>Las galerías se mudan a nuevas zonas, las revistas de arte se reenfocan en sus nuevos artistas consentidos, los curadores crean nuevas estrellas, y de este modo se mantienen los viejos conectes, así como la incestuosa auto-referencialidad del sistema.</em> <em>El precio de todo esto lo paga el artista. Y sin embargo, quien permite todo esto es el propio artista, pues se reniega a controlar el impacto de su visión personal y le cede el control al mercado.</em> <em>Yo observo que ahora el material, es decir, la obra de arte, es el vínculo menos importante en la cadena de información, atención económica, y distribución múltiple. En resumen, el éxito no deriva de la significación de la obra, sino al contrario; la significación de la obra deriva del éxito. Para el artista de hoy lo principal es el éxito, su producción es el instrumento para lograrlo.</em> <em>Por esto no quiero ya hablar de la muerte de la pintura sino más bien de la muerte del arte. Debemos darnos cuenta de que el propio discurso está totalmente caduco.</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>Hoy día debo confesar mi propia ignorancia.</em> <em>Mi trabajo no pretende contribuir a modas pasajeras, así que no participo en su elaboración. Yo pienso que nuestra vida privada es lo más valioso que poseemos, así que es muy importante para mí mantener un perfil bajo</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Las líneas que acabo de leerles son del veterano pintor suizo Helmut Federle, quien hace dos años recibió el prestigioso premio de pintura de la fundación Aurélie-Nemours. A pesar de que las palabras de Federle pueden sonar un tanto demasiado apasionadas, especialmente viniendo de un suizo, buena parte de los pintores de mi generación participamos con Federle en la censura de nuestro medio, este mundillo del arte contemporáneo que se ha emplazado sin mayor resistencia a los modelos del entretenimiento masivo, la moda y la bolsa de valores— y donde el logro artístico se mide en términos de fama, poder y dinero. La acérrima deriva de Federle en contra de la institución del arte contemporáneo la encontré dentro de un extenso intercambio entre pintores célebres que fue publicado en abril del 2003, ni más ni menos por la revista Artforum. Como sabemos, Artforum ha sido uno de los principales motores del insidioso sistema de fabricación y promoción de estrellas del arte contemporáneo que Federle denuncia, lo cual es prueba de la futilidad de la protesta del pintor. Pues cuando el perpetrador del sistema se da el lujo de divulgar a voces sus abusos, es porque no hay quien le obligue a responder por ellos.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>No obstante que el intercambio en Artforum examinaba las pocas avenidas potencialmente abiertas a los pintores tras la muerte anunciada de la pintura (al igual que este simposio), no sería justo decir que el éxito profesional permanece fuera del alcance de los pintores contemporáneos: Todo lo contrario, el tremendo reconocimiento de Gerhard Richter, Luc Tuymans, Marlene Dumas, Peter Doig, John Currin, Lisa Yuskavage, Neo Rauch —por resaltar algunos— demuestra que hoy por hoy no existe una conspiración institucional en contra de la pintura. De hecho, la producción pictórica sigue y seguirá dando harta leña a las subastadoras Christies y Sothebys. No hay impedimento fundamental alguno para que la pintura sea instrumental en el frívolo régimen señalado por Federle.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>El pintor en Federle denuncia un enredo de orden ético: <em>Para el artista de hoy lo principal es el éxito, su producción es el instrumento para lograrlo. </em>Probablemente el paradigma moderno de tal artista lo fue Andy Warhol; nadie puede poner en duda que el famoso empelucado logró su propósito de fetichizar el éxito en sí, y a un grado exponencialmente mayor de lo que cualquiera pudo imaginar. El éxito de Warhol rebasa la burda comercialización ante la cual artistas menos sofisticados han sucumbido. Si bien el atractivo de la economía de mercado radica en la ecuación de introducir el mejor producto al menor precio, Warhol revolucionó nuestro mercado con el misterioso arte de comercializar el peor producto al mayor precio. El genio y la envergadura de Warhol no están en juego, pero a mi no deja de inquietarme el que una lata postiza de sopa Campbells firmada por él sea adquirida en millones de dólares por algún coleccionista, al tiempo que el mundo no alcanza a hacerle llegar su sopa a los niños hambrientos de Darfur. Este tipo de derroches extravagantes en arte contemporáneo revelan un escenario verdaderamente embarazoso en términos éticos para quienes hemos esposado la actividad artística y su estudio como una alternativa moral ante la alienación de la vida moderna. ¿Pero a qué o a quién responsabilizar por semejante desvergüenza? Podríamos argumentar que no es culpa del arte ni del artista, sino de los tiempos, pues el entorno protagonizado por los coleccionistas, las galerías y las subastadoras es producto de una circunstancia externa al medio, habilitada por las truculencias del capitalismo globalizado que vivimos. Asimismo podríamos retomar en cuenta que lo que hoy entendemos por Arte siempre dependió de los favores de los poderosos&#8211; los faraones, césares, emperadores, monarcas, papas, dictadores y ahora la alta burguesía. Cierto es que antes del modernismo decimonónico el alineamiento del artista con el poder quedaba mal que bien asumido en su práctica. Bajo estos argumentos, el reprochable adjunto ético del arte contemporáneo sucede por asociación; no es culpa del arte sino de quienes le acechan. Si esto es lo que puede decirse hoy a manera de excusa por los excesos del mercado del arte, no es lo que se decía hace veinte años —cuando comenzaba mi carrera pública como pintor. La década de los ochenta también había dado lugar a excesos extravagantes: El ascenso de los precios de los Julian Schnabels, Sandro Chias y Salomes estaban prácticamente indexados en múltiplos del Dow Jones. Pero cuando el colapso del mercado del arte en el 89 siguió al colapso de Wall Street, la culpa del maridaje entre el arte y el capital, se decía, la tenía la pintura por ser el no muy discreto encanto de la burguesía. Retomando la nomenclatura de Federle— &#8220;las falanges que aprueban y condenan&#8221; clamaban con absoluta seguridad que la pintura aglomeraba al mal como un tumor incrustado dentro del medio artístico, como una excrecencia que fomenta necesariamente la nefasta y corrupta comodificación del arte. Así la sumaria condena de la pintura, su extirpación y el exilio forzado, sino es que la pena capital. Vamos, la mayoría de la pintura de los ochenta era, en efecto, mala, incluso muy mala— pero no por ello podemos decir que encarnara ontológicamente al mal.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Pretendiendo hacer un borrón y cuenta nueva a principios de los años noventa, los defensores del arte contemporáneo se propusieron purgar sus conciencias mortificadas por los pecados de la comercialización, y para ello encontraron un atrayente elíxir en las pócimas y diuréticos de la vanguardia de la época dorada del conceptualismo, cuyo efecto al cierre del siglo sería el rehabilitar ese ímpetu mesiánico del avant-garde que fue tan bien ilustrado por la mítica Documenta 5 de Harald Szeemann en 1972. La superestructura ideológica de la reforma post-ochentera demarcaría para el arte contemporáneo una dimensión paralela donde el espíritu revolucionario sesentero seguiría, si no vivo, por lo menos coleando. Los gurús del arte contemporáneo que ávidamente respondieron a ese llamado redentor lograron con tremenda eficacia imponer un reformulado catequismo que pregona el culto al arte contemporáneo como una especie de empresa crítica/activista con fines de orden &#8220;progresista&#8221;. En la liturgia curatorial correspondiente, el arte, la conciencia social y el bien común van de la mano, pues a falta de algún parámetro estético que pudiera justificar su existencia, al arte contemporáneo ya no le ha quedado más remedio que estar del lado de los buenos, como diría Chespirito.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>De allí que, en las últimas Documentas, Bienales de Venecia, Sao Paulo y sus múltiples clones, la pintura haya quedado prácticamente vetada del espacio público. Los paladines curatoriales de estos eventos determinaron someternos a una estricta dieta de videoarte, intervenciones, acciones, instalaciones y todos aquellos géneros etiquetados con el certificado de una vanguardia que tiempo atrás estuvo indispuesta a la comodificación. Así, al visitar estas exposiciones, uno encuentra que el espacio que quizás hubiera podido dejársele a alguna buena pintura para complementar, digamos, a una buena instalación &#8211;ya sea en armonía ó a contrapunto&#8211; ese lugar lo ocupa, una y otra vez, algún video amanerado con su inmanente banda sonora New Age, o la fresca ocurrencia de algún adolescente que descubrió a Duchamp hace dos meses, o el empalagoso montaje escenográfico que disfraza a la galería de arte en cualquier ambiente que no sea una galería de arte.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Si algo ha logrado la insistente e incuestionada preponderancia de los llamados &#8220;nuevos medios&#8221; en estas auto-complacientes muestras es en haber empalmado a los espacios públicos con los lugares comunes del arte post-conceptual; estrategias artísticas que ahora han pasado a ser variantes de uso en la mercadotecnia del turismo cultural, donde la provocación y el escándalo se han vuelto parte muy bienvenida del sano entretenimiento del público. Y con el entretenimiento, la comodificación de las vanguardias no se ha quedado atrás: Los primeros en la fila de entrada a las bienales son los grandes coleccionistas que son seguidos muy de cerca por los grandes galeristas cargando las listas de precios de sus grandes artistas expuestos. El fenómeno reciente del establecimiento de <em>kunsthalles</em> privados donde los coleccionistas más chonchos ahora presumen sus recién adquiridas videoinstalaciones, intervenciones y documentaciones varias, son evidencia de que esas voces del arte justiciero con delirio de Robin Hood en la práctica terminan por ser las bufonerías de nuestras cortes.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>A mi parecer, cuando se expurgó oficialmente a la pintura en pos de la renovación moral de las grandes muestras es cuando, paradójicamente, también comienza a cuajarse la bancarrota ética más fastidiosa del medio del arte contemporáneo; una bancarrota ética que, ahora sí, es incuestionablemente interna al medio, la cual se enmaraña progresivamente en el creciente y hipócrita acomodo maquinado entre los discordantes intereses ideológicos y comerciales. El acomodo en el medio del arte entre la ideología progresista y la desbordada especulación financiera, por medio de la mercadología posmoderna, también ha terminado por establecer parámetros que los artistas más astutos, a su vez, han aprendido a utilizar y explotar, inocente ó descaradamente, concientemente o no, con el propósito de seducir tanto al curador bohemio como al coleccionista multimillonario.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Como lo mencioné en un principio, la pintura ha regresado a la escena internacional por la puerta trasera. No ha sido precisamente el regreso del hijo pródigo, pues para acoplarse a los lineamientos ideológicos del establishment crítico-curatorial, la nueva pintura ha tendido a ampararse en el postulado de negarse a sí misma, de auto-sabotearse con cuanta dosis de ironía y cinismo tenga cabida. Por lo mismo no deberá sorprendernos el que buena parte de la pintura que es ideológicamente aceptable termina siendo una especie de pintura/caricatura&#8211; no en el sentido de adoptar la caricatura en la pintura como lo hizo Roy Lichtenstein sino en el de convertir a la pintura en una caricatura de la pintura, como lo hizo el propio Warhol al satirizar el dialecto de los expresionistas abstractos de su época , y que Richter ha terminado por agotar (valga la redundancia) con su action painting clínicamente esterilizada de cualquier tipo de emoción.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Del mismo modo, aunque de ninguna manera es el único modo, podemos entender a Currin como una caricatura de Tiziano , a Doig como una caricatura de Klimt , a Dumas como una caricatura de Munch &#8230;. No quiero decir con esto que toda caricaturización es indeseable desde la perspectiva de la pintura, mi crítica se refiere a las predisposiciones ideológicas del medio que dan particular bienvenida a la caricaturización de la pintura. Por lo demás, si mi reclamo imparte un dejo del delirio paranoide de Helmut Federle, quisiera articular una breve apología de mi propio delirio con una impresión concreta:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Hace unas semanas visité una exposición retrospectiva del celebradísimo Luc Tuymans en el museo de arte moderno de San Francisco. Me acerqué a mirar un pequeño bosquejo que se expone como una de las piezas paradigmáticas de Tuymans. Pintado en el cuasi-grisaille característico de este pintor, el cuadro parece ser una despreocupada calca de la foto de un recinto tan austero como lo es el tratamiento formal del cuadro. Como bien sabemos, con la pintura figurativa posmoderna uno tiene que acceder a información externa para poder apreciar el cuadro de manera justa, y así es con la obra de Tuymans. El título de esta pintura, &#8220;Gaskamer&#8221;, nos informa que se trata de la imagen de una cámara de gas. De hecho, mi indagación posterior al respecto de esta imagen indica que se trata de una cámara de gas modelo construida en el campo de Dachau en 1943. Existe cierta controversia en cuanto a qué tan funcional y eficaz pudo ser esta cámara. Según la evidencia disponible, fue diseñada y utilizada de manera experimental por el Dr. Sigmund Rascher—quien era cercano a Himmler—pero no ha quedado demostrado que fue utilizada para el exterminio masivo. ¿Tiene esto algo que ver con la intención de Tuymans? Nada de ello se relata en el texto de la cédula que acompaña a su pintura. En su lugar, se nos ofrece la siguiente exaltación:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>&#8220;Gaskamer&#8221; forma parte de la serie titulada &#8220;El Arquitecto&#8221; que Tuymans dedica al Holocausto y que a su vez articula el tratamiento más completo de este tema recurrente en su obra. Y sin embargo, el espectador difícilmente saldrá de aquí con una mejor comprensión de las atrocidades que la palabra &#8220;Holocausto&#8221; aglomera. Esto refleja el propósito principal de Tuymans, recalcando que ciertos eventos desafían a los poderes de la representación</em>.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Este mañoso encomio de la obra de Tuymans me angustió más de lo que pudo haberlo hecho el cuadro. El texto recurre a dos falacias: Primero, que el abordar el tema del Holocausto reviste a la obra de contenido sublime y solemne, y luego que el haber reconocido los &#8220;límites de la representación&#8221; exonera al pintor de su menosprecio del oficio en el tratamiento del tema. Dejaré para otra ocasión el asunto de la banalización del Holocausto en el arte, pues aquí quiero atacar la falacia que promulga al reconocimiento de los límites de la representación como virtud artística en sí. Pregunto; si un evento desafía los poderes de la representación, por qué diablos querría un pintor someterse al fracaso inevitable de aspirar a representar lo que no puede ser representado? Qué caso tiene comenzar un cuadro que está predeterminado al fracaso? Cuando admiramos una pintura, acaso no la admiramos porque demuestra algún logro? En fin, como pintor uno podría argumentar de este modo: el reto lo asumo por el placer de darle al contrincante con todo lo que tengo, por el honor de hundirse habiendo dado la mejor pelea que uno puede&#8230; Sin embargo, el cuadro &#8220;Gaskamer&#8221; de Tuymans no exhibe ninguna gota de sangre, sudor ni lágrimas. Desde la perspectiva impulsada por los curadores de la muestra, la conclusión lógica de su planteamiento crítico debiera ser que el pintor despliega aquí su oficio, si acaso, como un huevón cobarde, pero en lugar de ello se le aplaude el fracaso asumido a la ligera como la piedra de toque del genio. Acaso se pretende que esto es lo que debemos admirar en el arte del siglo XXI?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Podríamos comentar el cuadro &#8220;Gaskamer&#8221; desde un punto de vista más recatado&#8211; un punto de vista que permitiera la apreciación de sus modestas cualidades pictóricas. Por lo mismo yo no quisiera condenar a título personal a Tuymans en el patente disparate que los curadores le achacan sin advertirlo &#8212; porque, vamos, los artistas por lo general carecemos del pudor que pudiera protegernos de publicar nuestras propias estupideces. Es parte de los gajes de ser artista (yo mismo aprovecho la ocasión para recurrir a esta excusa por todo lo que llevo dicho hasta ahora y lo que viene en seguida). Por su parte, las curadoras de Tuymans (Madeleine Grynsztejn, directora del museo de arte contemporáneo de Chicago, y Helen Molesworth, curadora del museo de arte de la universidad de Harvard), no cuentan con la excusa del artista, pues la razón de ser de la curaduría es la de conformar sensibilidad en lucidez. Y aquí han demostrado que su mirada y su intelecto, por lo menos en este caso, no hacen gala de tal distinción.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>El ejemplo de &#8220;Gaskamer&#8221; y su correspondiente cédula ilustra fielmente a qué grado han infestado a las instituciones artísticas los absurdos dogmas de cierta especie de Dianética artística que confía en que el arte purgará a la sociedad de sus males a fuerza de voluntad y conciencia pura— clichés vacuos y enceguecedores con los que ahora también se pretende evangelizar a los públicos que aún tienen fé en el arte. El propósito del tráfico de salvas retóricas como ésta que he recogido es banalizar al arte de modo que pueda ser pasteurizado y homogeneizado para el consumo masivo. En este sentido concuerdo con Federle: &#8220;&#8230; no quiero hablar de la muerte de la pintura sino de la muerte del arte&#8221;, o mejor dicho, de la muerte de la idea que los pintores tenemos de lo que es el arte, porque, a fin de cuentas, el arte como moda y entretenimiento parece haber llegado para quedarse por un buen rato.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>El lamento y la euforia asociados con la muerte de la pintura ó del arte son consecuencia de la fé en que el arte y la pintura representan valores sin los cuales nuestra cultura será menos humana. Puede ser que dicha convicción no sea más que una mala costumbre derivada del romanticismo decimonónico. En un interesante estudio de la genealogía de nuestra presente concepción general del arte, &#8220;The Invention of Art&#8221;, el filósofo Larry Shiner propone que lo que hoy entendemos por arte se origina apenas en el siglo XVIII, cuando se articula la idea moderna de la estética como una dimensión cognitiva del ser humano que aspira a cierta condición de universalidad y que se constituye a partir del arte y la belleza. Shiner demuestra por medio de documentos históricos cómo anteriormente las distintas disciplinas artísticas (las artes visuales, la arquitectura, la música, la literatura, la danza y las artes escénicas) no se conglomeraban bajo un mismo esquema de &#8220;arte universal&#8221;, y cómo, por ejemplo, los griegos y romanos jamás podrían haber imaginado qué diantres es lo que nosotros llamamos arte. Si acogemos la propuesta del profesor Shiner en cuanto a la condición contingente de nuestra concepción del arte, deberemos también aceptar que la idea moderna de las artes visuales que desembocó en la Documenta de 1972 tampoco durará por siempre, que la idea del arte seguirá transformándose en el futuro lejano hacia algo que, si lo encontrásemos ahora, nosotros mismos no podríamos apreciarlo como arte pues el vocablo &#8220;Arte&#8221; habrá pasado a significar algo que no somos ahora capaces de imaginar. Por su parte, la pintura se desenvolvió sin requerir de la idea moderna del arte desde Lascaux y Altamira hace 25 000 años y hasta Vermeer y Rembrandt, y seguirá desenvolviéndose con o sin ella cuando el arte termine desligado por completo del humanismo moderno. Quizás una vez divorciada del arte contemporáneo, la pintura se conformará con ser una disciplina exótica —con su propio contexto de producción, diseminación y consumo— que se asemejará a los insulares mundos de la cerámica, la poesía y la relojería artesanal, mientras el arte contemporáneo se arrimará más y más hacia Hollywood, Vogue y YouTube hasta que termine por diluirse completamente en el vasto mundo del entretenimiento que habrá de acaparar la masa del intelecto humano en la era de la información.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Haciendo eco a Helmut Federle, quisiera terminar aquí con la postulación de mi propia ignorancia; en tanto que ahora el arte se encuentra en una coyuntura que artistas de la vieja escuela posiblemente no alcanzamos a entender: o por lo menos no entendemos bajo qué razonamiento pueden acogerse la simulación ética y la banalización —como vengo de señalar— en la adjudicación de valor en la institución vigente del arte contemporáneo. Y entendemos aún menos como podría aplicarse esta mecánica de valorización en la apreciación del arte que hemos heredado, que admiramos y que hubiéramos querido visualizar en un futuro. Pienso que quienes ejercemos la pintura a través de este presente serpentino deberíamos no preocuparnos demasiado por el destino de la pintura en relación al mundo del arte contemporáneo; si éste acoge a la pintura o la rechaza, si la declara relevante o no, viva ó muerta. En lugar de ello, los pintores haremos mejor en preocuparnos sobre si la pintura que cada uno de nosotros pone en práctica responde ó no a un proyecto, si no sensato, por lo menos honesto, donde la buena pintura, y no el estrellato, es el designio de la ambición. El resto está fuera de nuestras manos.</p>
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		<title>Anselm Kiefer en Mexico</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 19 Jan 2013 03:03:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[&#160; &#8220;ANSELM KIEFER EN MEXICO&#8221; Centro Cultural Arte Contemporáneo March 20-June 23,1996 ooooooArt+Text &#160; Anselm Kiefer carved for himself a niche apart from other eighties&#8217; superstars by imbuing his paintings with tensions in dimensions subjective, aesthetic and political-topics that lent them an air of complexity which wasn&#8217;t as evident in his equals&#8217; works. According to his [...]]]></description>
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<h2>&#8220;ANSELM KIEFER EN MEXICO&#8221;<br />
Centro Cultural Arte Contemporáneo</h2>
<p style="text-align: left;">March 20-June 23,1996</p>
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<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffffff;">oooooo</span>Art+Text<strong><br />
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<p>Anselm Kiefer carved for himself a niche apart from other eighties&#8217; superstars by imbuing his paintings with tensions in dimensions subjective, aesthetic and political-topics that lent them an air of complexity which wasn&#8217;t as evident in his equals&#8217; works. According to his advocates, Kiefer&#8217;s works released latent forces which laid dormant underneath post-war aesthetic formalism and respectively under the sublimating by younger Germans of past collective vileness. Whatever his ultimate moral merits, Kiefer forced us to confront the fact that in Germany topography and topology are one, that every landscape and building, every tree and strand of wheat is soaked with the stench of a ghastly past. And, by extension, German artworks must be just as much. But wether Kiefer&#8217;s own artworks denounced, exalted or ambiguously addressed their troublesome subjects remains an unsettled matter. Like epic events, they seemed to lie beyond our full comprehension, refusing to be morally specific-and perhaps herein lied their appeal. So propitious was Kiefer&#8217;s strategy that he himself actually became another link in the chain of German cultural myths which he touched upon; his own countenance in need of completing his famous group portraits of German heroes. Lately, Kiefer&#8217;s P.R. staff has called a great deal of attention to his moving to the south of France, the earthly retreat of consecrate luminaries (Ah! Picasso, Matisse, Chagall&#8230;)The move is more than circumstantial. Indeed, following a long lapse which saw the light of lyrical stuff such as the winged lead books, Kiefer&#8217;s pile of old paintings shown last year at Marian Goodman&#8217;s (Twenty years of Solitude, 1971-91) signaled the artist was about to transfigure himself. And Mexico was chosen as the backdrop for his second coming. (Mexico has an uncanny appeal for being favored as the place for such revelations-for instance, according to the book of Mormon, Jesus reappeared here in the form of the white skinned pre columbian god Quetzalcoatl.)In his now transcendental mood, Kiefer appears to want us to believe his distress for one of Europe&#8217;s more generalized sins: Colonialism. One of three monumental paintings of 1995 depicts -in his signature impastoed murky tones- the artist naked, standing for both the White-man and for his conscience, amidst virgin wetlands, holding a fisherman&#8217;s net in which he&#8217;s trapped cutouts in the form of the maps of Cuba, Mexico, India and Indochina. A ray of gold-leaf and one of lead-sheet go through his head possibly symbolizing the Europeans&#8217; fixation with riches and violence, while handwritten atop it reads &#8220;Tengo todas las Indias in mi mano&#8221; (sic) (I&#8217;ve got all of the Indias in my hand) &#8211; a verse taken from a XVII C. Spanish poet. An almost identical work alludes to the &#8220;Plasa de Tlatelolco&#8221; (sic), a paradigmatic square in Mexico City where a pyramid, a church and a modern office tower stand side by side and, as commemorated by bones that hang form the canvas, where protesting students were massacred by the army in 1968 &#8211; one late consequence, seemingly in Kiefer&#8217;s view, of the West&#8217;s disruption of pre-hispanic affairs.</p>
<p>The show&#8217;s thick-as-can-be tour-de-force (La Bula de Oro), an impressive upwardly view of the pyramid of Coba divided by yet another line of gold-leaf, refers us to a 1493 decree by Pope Alexandre VI in which known regions of the New World were rather cynically allotted to either Spain or Portugal. There&#8217;s no arguing against the evils of colonialism, but, for all his apparently commendable  intentions, here Kiefer seems to fall for the simplistic misrepresentation involved in the mythification of history which earlier on he was said to have so vehemently denounced. On the historical front, for instance, Kiefer disregards the fact that this exotic New World was no virgin land of noble savages, but was home to one of the most cruel civilizations of all time-the Aztecs, who ritually performed thousands of human sacrifices conforming to requirements imposed by their bizarre cosmology of life and death. On the critical front, Colonialism is not the sole root of current local miseries; it is one link in the chain of an ongoing &#8220;tradition&#8221; of oppression  and resignation, a way of life that goes back to pre-hispanic times and that partly explains Mexico&#8217;s resistance to democracy and modernity.  Our post-colonial despots have given particular attention to vilifying the Spanish domination in the official history, thus legitimating their slightly-less-horrible atrocities. They would surely appreciate Kiefer&#8217;s unbeknown help in promoting their agenda. In a more universal vein, another pair of oversize Kiefer self-portraits retrace a signature German romanticist theme: the artist overwhelmed and dwarfed by the elements. In <em>Stars</em>, by a black canvas sprinkled with constellations of white paint, and in <em>Sol invictus</em>, by a shower of seeds falling from a gigantic sunflower. These rhapsodies of the human condition might wash well with those who are still touched by the Artist&#8217;s suffering  soul. However, while undergoing his existential agony for our sake, the new Kiefer has in effect kicked us all out of the moral play for which his earlier paintings had set the stage, condemning us helplessly banal mortals to watch him from afar.</p>
<p>Kiefer&#8217;s earlier paintings were originally defended under the dictum that whoever forgets history&#8217;s errors is doomed to repeat them. But memory is slippery, and Kiefer fell for one of art&#8217;s recurrent mistakes: the artist&#8217;s deification in the high-brow religion that now and then becomes the opium of the dilettanti.The Aztecs were doomed when they mistook the Spanish conqueror Cortez for their god Quetzalcoatl. Five centuries later Kieffer appears in Mexico advertising himself through his new works as a messiah who can conciliate aesthetics, ethics, politics and metaphysics, but he ends up playing the part of the conquistador by giving the culture-thirsty rulers of this land, who gleefully sponsored the show, glass-beads for gold, that is, lavish art for tangible dollars. Seen as a performance, then, Kiefer&#8217;s act in Mexico City was actually diametrically opposed to the message on the paintings&#8217; surface. Nevertheless, there isn&#8217;t enough evidence here to read these pieces as a complicated, cold-blooded but sophisticated mise-en-scéne of cultural power-politics. We&#8217;ll have to wait for Anselm&#8217;s next miracle before <em>we grant him </em>our Final Judgement.</td>
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		<title>Bodyworlds</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 19 Jan 2013 02:47:01 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Exit Express. Madrid. Abril, 2005 &#160; Bodyworlds California Science Center, Los Ángeles &#160; &#160; Motivo de asombro y controversia, los cadáveres plastificados por el equipo del Profesor Gunther von Hagens se han expuesto ininterrumpidamente desde 1995 en museos de ciencias alrededor del mundo. Dieciséis millones de personas han recorrido la exposición Bodyworlds, asegurándole su lugar [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Exit Express. Madrid.</p>
<p>Abril, 2005</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>Bodyworlds</h2>
<p>California Science Center, Los Ángeles</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Motivo de asombro y controversia, los cadáveres plastificados por el equipo del Profesor Gunther von Hagens se han expuesto ininterrumpidamente desde 1995 en museos de ciencias alrededor del mundo. Dieciséis millones de personas han recorrido la exposición <em>Bodyworlds</em>, asegurándole su lugar en la <em>Guiness</em> como la itinerante con mayor afluencia pública en récord, superando incluso a ese otro cadáver viajero, Tutankhamen.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Los propósitos declarados de von Hagens son principalmente de orden pedagógico. Gracias a un proceso novedoso, los cadáveres se conservan con polímeros, epóxicos y silicones para el estudio anatómico del cuerpo humano. Sin embargo, von Hagens no se conforma con proveer modelos prostéticos para estudiantes de medicina, sino además aspira a desperdigar el saber entre los pedestres. Para atraer a las multitudes, von Hagens recurre a montajes donde, por ejemplo, el cadáver diseccionado monta una bicicleta, juega básquetbol o carga su propia piel como un manto. La referencia popular y taquillera no deja de ser el film de horror hollywoodense.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>¿Cabe hablar de estos montajes como obras de arte, por decir, plástico? Para empezar, Von Hagens emula desde su persona nada menos que a Joseph Beuys (viste siempre una cazadora y un sombrero ad-hoc para recalcar el parecido que de por sí es fisonómico).  Las referencias al arte son evidentes en varios montajes. A un modelo en posición de correr se le han seccionado y extendido los músculos para simular el aerodinamismo del movimiento, emparentándose con la escultura futurista de Boccioni. Otro personaje tiene “cajones” en el tórax tipo Dalí. Estos despliegues se someten a una normatividad supuestamente estetizante. Según la fórmula de von Hagens, la “belleza” de un cadáver plastificado recae en las siguientes consideraciones:1) disecciones claras y precisas, 2) poses naturales con músculos flexionados, 3) formas bien preservadas, 4) vistas armoniosas hacia el interior del cuerpo, 5) estructuras proporcionadas, 6) colores “vivos”, 7) olores eliminados, 8) sangre solidificada o drenada. Al margen de la cuestionable eficacia del recetario, queda claro que los cadáveres de von Hagens, más que especimenes, son artefactos complejos dentro del plano cultural. Lo único que quedaría pendiente para certificarlos como arte es el espaldarazo institucional.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Desafortunadamente, para estetas como uno, los von Hagens se desmoronan ante la disección crítica. A pesar de su descripción minuciosa y exacta, estos desdichados emplastecidos no provocan la cruda <em>sensación</em> de confrontarnos con nuestras propias entrañas; la promesa de inmediatez queda lejos de cumplirse. La razón es la siguiente: El proceso de conservación elimina los líquidos y las grasas de los tejidos (alrededor del 80% de su volumen) por medio de un baño de acetona, el cual merma a su vez los colores nativos. Von Hagens pretende enmascarar el color perdido del tejido tiñendo las resinas de impregnación. Contra el afán ilusionista, el resultado es un modelo cuya coloración es sospechosa y que responde a la luz como lo hace un trozo de plástico. Lo que von Hagens nos ofrece finalmente se origina, cierto, en un cuerpo humano real, pero termina siendo 80% plástico maquillado.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Comparemos lo que sucede con tejidos envasados en formol. En sentido tanto metafórico como metonímico, la eliminación del color es producto de la eliminación de la vitalidad, por lo cual la decoloración es precisamente lo que permite al tejido preservado traducirse en un potente <em>memento mori,</em> enmarcado por la evidencia inapelable del formol.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>A pesar de mi desencanto, reconozco que el proceso ideado por von Hagens posee potencial plástico (en el sentido artístico), pero se necesitaría un artista agudo para explotarlo. Si bien el mitificante y populachero Beuys promulgaba que todos somos artistas, von Hagens nos demuestra que la insuficiencia de sensibilidad artística no puede esconderse ni bajo el sombrero del gurú. Si de hacer esculturas se trata, yo le sugeriría a von Hagens contener su megalomanía y organizar residencias de artista en su laboratorio. Con suerte un Tom Friedman o una Jessica Stockholder podrían interesarse…</p>
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		<title>Form Takes Effect</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 19 Jan 2013 02:46:06 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Form Takes Effect. Fine shades of behavior. Why are they important? They have important  consequences. –Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations IIxi I. Contrary to a commonly held belief, a painter&#8217;s satisfaction is not in the therapeutic release associated with scribbling, staining, or smudging a clean canvas. Whenever a painter applies a brushstroke, a color, a figure onto [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 align="left">Form Takes Effect.</h2>
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<p><em>Fine shades of behavior. Why are they important? They have important  consequences.</em></p>
<p>–Wittgenstein, <em>Philosophical Investigations</em> IIxi</p>
<p>I.</p>
<p>Contrary to a commonly held belief, a painter&#8217;s satisfaction is not in the therapeutic release associated with scribbling, staining, or smudging a clean canvas. Whenever a painter applies a brushstroke, a color, a figure onto the support’s surface, he/she does it so that the materials may generate a plastic effect—an effect nonexistent just prior to their manipulation by the painter and publicly accessible right after. This exercise in visual demiurgics matters, because there is no release for the painter if the painting doesn’t work­––and when we say it “works,” we refer to the plastic effects generated in its appreciation. A plastic effect comes into being as it is being seen and is seen as it comes into being. Thus a painting is formed inasmuch as it takes effect.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>I will address here a peculiarity implied in the perception and appreciation of plastic effects in painting: Painting&#8217;s plastic form materializes in the same measure as its pictorial plane gets articulated, becomes consolidated, and takes effect. In a painting—either figurative or abstract, realist or expressionist—there is no plastic effect without a pictorial plane, nor is there a pictorial plane without a plastic effect. And to eradicate the suspicion of there being a sophism here, it should be remarked that the terms “pictorial plane” and “plastic effect” are far from synonymous. Their foremost contrast lies in the fact that a plastic effect is visible by definition, while, as I will suggest, the pictorial plane is not an object of vision but a condition of our pictorial vision, as well as an implicit platform for every plastic effect.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>II.</p>
<p>I&#8217;ll start by showing how it was that the critic who was most notably involved with these issues, Clement Greenberg, did not foresee the relationship described above, insofar as he claimed to conceive the occurrence of a pictorial plane without a plastic effect. Let&#8217;s examine some of Greenberg&#8217;s well-known writings where the idea of flatness is proposed as the ruling norm of modernist painting. In “After Abstract Expressionism” (1962), he wrote: “. . . By now it has been established, it would seem, that the irreducible essence of pictorial art consists in but two constitutive conventions or norms: flatness and the delimitation of flatness; and that the observance of merely these two norms is enough to create an object which can be experienced as a picture: thus a stretched or tacked-up canvas already exists as a picture—though not necessarily a successful one” (<em>The Collected Essays and Criticism</em>, vol. 3, p. 131).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Greenberg seems to subscribe to the idea that the pictorial plane is concomitant with a surface&#8217;s flatness, that the fact that a delimited flatness exists is enough for that physical flatness to become, <em>ipso facto</em>, pictorial as well. This outlook is consistent with his interpretation of the development of modern painting as he had delineated it twenty-two years before in “Towards a Newer Laocoon<em>”</em> (1940):</p>
<p>“ . . . But most important of all, the picture plane itself grows shallower and shallower, flattening out and pressing together the fictive planes of depth until they meet as one upon the real and material plane which is the actual surface of the canvas” (Ibid., vol. 1, p. 35).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Given this position, Greenberg&#8217;s predilection for the work of Morris Louis is perfectly understandable. Rather than painting his canvases, Louis stained them, such that he literally assimilated the colored pigments to the physical surface embodied by the canvas. If Greenberg had been right about Louis––as he was about Pollock––Louis&#8217;s work would have similarly withstood the test of time. However, today the novelty of Louis’s paintings looks more rhetorical than anything else. I believe Greenberg&#8217;s mistake with respect to Louis lies, precisely, in his offhanded identification of the pictorial plane with the physical surface of the work.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Because of his peculiar formulation of the notion of flatness in “After Abstract Expressionism,” Greenberg is forced—against his better judgment—to accept the inclusion of the minimalist monochrome within the field of painting, but he points out succinctly that this inclusion doesn&#8217;t make the monochrome a successful painting. In “Modernist Painting” (1960), he described the requirement for the success of a modernist painting: “. . .The flatness towards which Modernist painting orients itself can never be an absolute flatness. The heightened sensitivity of the picture plane may no longer permit sculptural illusion, or trompe-l&#8217;oeil, but does and must permit optical illusion. The first mark made on a canvas destroys its literal and utter flatness, and the result of the marks made on it by an artist like Mondrian is still a kind of illusion that suggests a kind of third dimension. Only now it is a strictly pictorial, strictly optical third dimension . . . .” (Ibid., vol. 3, p. 90).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Hence, Greenberg advocates the quality of a modernist painting as being circumscribed by two parameters: the condition of flatness and the illusion of a strictly pictorial and optical third dimension. Greenberg&#8217;s positing of this type of illusion probably was meant to answer the patently anti-illusionistic works that Frank Stella produced, to instantaneous acclaim, beginning in 1959. However, Greenberg&#8217;s neo-illusionism literally runs against his own 1944 essay, “Abstract Art,” where he affirms that “. . . The deeper meaning of [painting's transformation] is that in a period in which illusions of every kind are being destroyed the illusionists methods of painting should also be renounced. . . .” (Ibid., vol. 1, p. 203).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Such conceptual conflagration would have been less annoying (although not      entirely resolved) had Greenberg avoided the notion of illusionism altogether and  instead called forth what we understand as “plastic effect.” The plastic effect that Greenberg had in mind––at the cost of naturalism and for the sake of abstraction–– is what he calls “the heightened sensitivity of the picture plane.” As a consequence of the identification of the picture plane with the work&#8217;s surface, the heightened sensitivity of this surface is not compatible with the plastic effects of naturalist painting. In a certain way, the attention focused on the surface&#8217;s flatness may distract us from the represented image. However, even granting the antithesis of surface and image, if we did not assimilate the picture plane to the physical surface of the work, we would not be compelled to derive from it the antithesis of picture plane and image, nor, therefore, the condemnation of naturalism. In fact, my intention goes beyond negating the Greenbergian identification of plane and surface: I mean to suggest that picture plane and image are mutually dependent, that there is no picture plane without image, and that a fittingly reformulated pictorial scheme would not have to reduce painting&#8217;s capabilities––as Greenbergian modernism did­­––but would allow room for painting&#8217;s creative development even as it paid heed to formal strictures.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>III.</p>
<p>In order to untie the pictorial plane from the picture&#8217;s surface, we must begin by   undoing the argument that assimilates one to the other. The Greenbergian notion of flatness is built upon the idea, spelled out in “Abstract Art,” that our visual experience has “an essential bidimensionality”, a trait that must be ingrained in a painting in order for it to remain faithful to visual experience. The argument may be attacked from different flanks, the most effective being <em>reductio ad absurdum</em>: If visual experience were essentially bidimensional, anything we would paint on a canvas would also be perceived as essentially bidimensional without regard to its degree of naturalism—it would be just as essentially bidimensional as the rest of our extrapictorial visual perceptions. An epistemology that held what we “really see” are color patterns bidimensionally projected on the retina would immediately cancel the notion of picture surface. Our perception of surfaces in general would be mistaken, as well as any notion of picture plane: we would find no justification for supposing a plane beyond the retinal plane.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>We could recall Descartes&#8217;s anatomical studies in his <em>Optics</em>, Kant&#8217;s categories as applied to perception, or even G. E. Moore&#8217;s <em>Defense of Common Sense</em> in order to affirm that our visual experience is intrinsically three-dimensional, that we can plainly see the surfaces of objects, and that among those objects, that occupy an extension of space and possess density, there exists a class we call “paintings.” No one in his/her right mind can deny our ability to see the surfaces of paintings. What would be senseless, on the other hand, is to think that surfaces could be perceived bidimensionally. Indeed, in order to figure out what the act of “perceiving bidimensionally” would amount to, let us imagine some being inhabiting a flat, bidimensional universe. If that being were able to perceive visually in some sense, it would perceive successions of points on a horizon with no amplitude, and in such a case it would be rather far-fetched to speak of spatial perception. Our own perception of such a bidimensional environment seen from the vantage of our three-dimensional one could be immanent, like the idea we have of God&#8217;s immanence in our space. But just as God, in his immanence, does not perceive at a distance (for He sees it all at once), neither would we humans perceive bidimensionally a bidimensional universe. This is not to say that we cannot conceive of the notion of bidimensionality: it is precisely what we do when thinking of the picture plane as a conceptualized projection of a bidimensionality that is suggested by the painting&#8217;s surface but not embodied by it. The picture plane is not physical but it wholly enters within the representational domain. Hence, the perception of a painting simultaneously implies perceiving a real three-dimensionality that sustains the existence of a pictorial object as well as an imagined bidimensionality that allows for the perception of pictorial representation.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>IV.</p>
<p>Having disengaged the pictorial plane from the work&#8217;s surface, we may proceed to look into the symbiosis generated among plane and image in the representational domain. Greenberg ignored such phenomena, as did the established theories of representation of the day. Both Wittgenstein and the art historian E. H. Gombrich proposed that the gaze through which we make sense of the scenes seen in paintings, photographs, screens, damp walls, and clouds is sustained by a type of attentiveness called “seeing as.” Resorting to the duck/rabbit optical trick––where a drawing can be seen as either the description of a duck or the description of a rabbit––the theory maintains that the representational gaze oscillates between attending one aspect or another of the same object, but it does not focus on both aspects at the same time. Remaining respectful to this schema, Greenberg assumed that our attention to the picture plane would be incompatible with attention paid to the represented image. He spells it out thus in one of the most pompous passages in “Modernist Painting”: “. . . Whereas one tends to see what is in an Old Master before one sees the picture itself, one sees a Modernist picture as a picture first. This is, of course, the best way of seeing any kind of picture . . . .” (Ibid., vol. 4, p. 87).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>It may be all right to apply the notion of “seeing as” to the duck/rabbit trick, but it is ultimately wrong to extend its application to all of our perceptions that are triggered by pictures. This has been shown decisively by the philosopher Richard Wollheim in essays published since the 1960s and culminating with his 1987 book <em>Painting as an Art</em>. According to Wollheim, when we look at, say, a painted portrait, we do not alternate between seeing a painting and seeing the subject portrayed; rather, we see it as a painted portrayal. Wollheim came up with the term “seeing in” in order to describe how it is that we see a picture—seeing the portrayed <em>in</em> the picture. Wollheim asserts that our perception of an object is manifold, in the sense that we perceive various aspects of the same object in one single experience. For instance, when we see a top-of-the-line Mercedes-Benz passing by in the street, simultaneously we see an expeditious means of transportation, an elegant design, a luxurious commodity, and (in Latin America) a target for kidnappers. Therefore, it shouldn&#8217;t be hard to accept the twofoldness of our perception of painting, a twofoldness that includes two irreducible aspects of the same visual experience: the material aspect inferred from the object and the representational aspect triggered by the image.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Greenberg was plainly mistaken in maintaining that we first see what&#8217;s in an Old Master painting and afterwards see it as a picture, because it would be impossible to see what&#8217;s in a picture without seeing it as a picture from the very start. But what exactly is required to see a picture <em>as</em> a picture, or a painting <em>as</em> a painting?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The question is relevant inasmuch as both a figurative sculpture and a suggestive cloud produce the perceptual twofoldness described by Wollheim: we see the <em>David </em>in the marble chiseled by Michelangelo, just as we see the animal in the vapors of a cloud. The answer lies in the fact that to see a picture <em>as</em> a picture, “seeing in” must be triggered by the mediation of the pictorial plane. I agree with Greenberg&#8217;s requirement—also pointed out in “Modernist Painting”—that a successful picture must articulate a sort of visual spatiality. Extrapolating from Greenberg, I would add that a picture articulates in terms of fictive spatialities perceived due to the mediation of the picture plane, which in turn is conceived of as bidimensional; its necessary immateriality allows for the delimitation of real dimensionality and fictive dimensionality within a single visual experience. Thus the pictorial image and the picture plane empirically coincide.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>V.</p>
<p>Most of what I&#8217;ve said here regarding the pictorial plane holds as true for images projected through photography, film, and video as it does for paintings. The perceptual effect of depictions produced through these means of mechanical reproduction rests on minimizing the reflecting surfaces&#8217; tactile qualities whether emulsion-infused paper, a reflecting screen, or an LCD sheet. Still, it would be worthwhile here to consider the latest holographic and 3-D technology, where the trompe-l&#8217;oeil effect crystallizes itself in direct proportion to the obliteration of the picture plane so that the differentiating factor between real dimensionality and fictive dimensionality vanishes.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>While such technological advances seek to approach perceptual simplicity, painting consolidates itself by adding extra levels of complexity through its handcrafted material condition. This handcrafted materiality is a necessary condition for painting, just as is the articulation of a picture plane. In this sense there is no painting (at least no painting in the relevant sense) without the hands-on manipulation of the medium, nor without the engagement of a picture plane. One may play up or play down the ways in which the materials are manipulated in painting, but one cannot avoid materiality itself. Greenberg can once more be used counterpunctually to shed some light on the matter. Just as Greenbergian flatness hinges upon the purported perceptual incompatibility of surface and image, it also depends on a purported semiotic irreconcilability of the material and the literary, of medium and literature: “ . . . The purely plastic or abstract qualities of the work of art are the only ones that count. Emphasize the medium and its difficulties, and at once the purely plastic, the proper, values come to the fore. Overpower the medium to the point where all sense of its resistance disappears, and the adventitious uses of art become more important” (from “Towards a Newer Laocoon,” ibid., vol. 1, p. 34).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Greenberg seems to have in mind Victorian and salon painting, the Pre- Raphaelites as well as Gérome and Bouguereau, and he wants to trace the literary excesses of those painters back to the saccharine naturalism that was so popular in the nineteenth century. However, literariness in painting cannot be blamed on this or that style. Here is Greenberg himself writing in 1947 about the patently materialistic works of painter Rufino Tamayo:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>. . . Tamayo, like Picasso in his weaker moments, localizes the excess of emotion—the emotion that his artistic means is not yet large or strong enough to digest—in gestures, the grimace on a face, the swelling of a leg. . . . This amounts in the last analysis to an attempt to avoid the problems of plastic unity by appealing directly, in a different language from that of painting, to the spectator&#8217;s susceptibility to literature, which includes stage effects. . . . If so good a painter [as Tamayo] can make so crude a mistake, then painting in general has lost faith in itself (Ibid., vol. 2, p. 133).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Greenberg&#8217;s formula proposing that “the less the resistance to the medium in a painting, the more emphatic its literalization” does not hold. But this is not due to the inconsistencies in Greenberg&#8217;s own applications of the formula, but rather to the incongruence of the idea of the resistance of the medium. The medium, that is, paint, does not possess any intrinsic plastic qualities: it is nothing more than pigment and binder whose plastic potential is exploited, or not, according to the will and abilities of the artist. The medium is not a medium if it does not mediate: the painter decides whether to dissimulate or emphasize the brushwork, whether to polish or roughen the picture&#8217;s surface, whether to mimetize or distort the color relations of what he/she means to depict, whether to generate a shallow or deep pictorial space. The medium was not designed with the purpose of resisting one or another of these pictorial strategies; it is meant for the painter to take advantage of its potential use as the embodiment of pictorial articulation.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The medium is to depiction in painting what the picture plane is to the image. We have seen that the picture plane/image function does not limit itself to painting, just as representation embodied in paint is not necessarily a pictorial articulation. Think of the painted texts of Christopher Wool or On Kawara, works expressly made with the purpose of avoiding the articulation of a picture plane, following the dictates of late-modernist taste. To call or not call these works “paintings” is merely a semantic issue of little substance.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>I expressed at the beginning of this essay that painting&#8217;s plastic form materializes and simultaneously takes effect in the articulation of a plastic effect. Finally, the efficacy of a plastic effect requires the conjunction of the picture plane working as the conceptual vehicle for the image and the medium as the material vehicle for the depiction. As we have seen, none of these factors is disposable, nor may we give more weight to one over the other. The painter&#8217;s satisfaction lies precisely in finding, through his/her labor, concrete manifestations of these formal strictures translated into plastic effects. In this we will not find the final aims of painting, but merely its beginnings.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Yishai Jusidman</p>
<p>April–May 2002</p>
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		<title>Un-ending Yad Vashem</title>
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		<description><![CDATA[UN-ENDING YAD VASHEM: Some Notes towards an Aesthetic of Monuments and Memorials. Yishai Jusidman . . . The visitor to Yad Vashem will now receive a comprehensive picture of the Holocaust–Dr. Yitzhak Arad, chairman of Yad Vashem’s directorate (Yad Vashem News, Autumn 1992) The Jewish portable culture, suited to the Diaspora’s wanderings, is witnessing its [...]]]></description>
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<h2>UN-ENDING YAD VASHEM:<br />
Some Notes towards an Aesthetic of Monuments and Memorials. Yishai Jusidman</h2>
<p>. . . The visitor to Yad Vashem will now receive a comprehensive picture of the Holocaust–Dr. Yitzhak Arad, chairman of Yad Vashem’s directorate (Yad Vashem News, Autumn 1992)</p>
<p>The Jewish portable culture, suited to the Diaspora’s wanderings, is witnessing its own ending. No longer limited to perpetrating itself through communal rites, a new Jewish culture is being generated—cemented by way of monuments and museums—to remain permanently in one place. The initial Jewish monuments and museums have been specifically dedicated to the Holocaust, thanks to the belief—or at least the hope—that the preservation of its moral lesson will prevent future anti-Semitic onslaught. A symbiotic cultural metabolism secures and is secured by these memorials: while striving to ward off the causes of future fleeing by perpetuating the Holocaust’s testimony, they also constitute the material foundation for the development of a sedentary culture. How is a Holocaust memorial, the memory’s lifeline to the public domain, supposed to fulfill these moral and cultural responsibilities? Memorials, more often than not, come to be perceived as demagogic artifices, since most sustain the cosmetics of indoctrinating regimes. What is a Holocaust memorial to do to truly become part of the culture?</p>
<p>In addressing these questions, I will not limit myself to analytical considerations but will develop them around a critique of the mother of all Holocaust memorials, Jerusalem’s Yad Vashem. My concern is the rectification of what is to me an unfortunate development in the memorial’s fate: Yad Vashem’s directorate, having unveiled the last of its constituent monuments, has declared it “completed” (Yad Vashem News, Autumn 1992). My argument will be that Yad Vashem should never—as far as might be possible—be completed.</p>
<p>Yad Vashem (literally, “a monument and a name”) was initiated in 1953 on Jerusalem’s Har Hazikaron (Mount of Remembrance) following the establishment of the “Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority” by the Israeli government, which summoned the creation of a shrine to preserve the memory of the millions of Jews annihilated by the Nazis. Today the site consists of an ad hoc accumulation of monuments, sculptures, archives, token objects, an historical museum, and an art museum, each of which is more or less supposed to fulfill particulars inscribed in the above-mentioned law. Tourists and local schoolchildren are diligently bused to these overwhelmingly solemn grounds for obvious didactic purposes—for Yad Vashem both defines and is defined by the land of Never Again, just as Disneyland defines and is defined the land of Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. (In form and function these landmarks emblematize their country’s raison d’être.) Perhaps to the average visitor Yad Vashem is as poignant and persuading as it’s been intended to be, the weight of recent history still warranting its effect. Be that as it may, Yad Vashem’s official aesthetics are hardly as convincing. I will argue that its exemplary success as a memorial is an ironic—but also effective—consequence of persistent aesthetic failures. These failures provide the footing for a tentative theory of monumentality and memorials which may eventually embrace them in a positive light.</p>
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<p>I. Elusive memories / Illusive memories.</p>
<p>For our voyage into the realm of aestheticized memory, we must rid ourselves of the simpleminded but nevertheless alluring belief about memorials which suggests that the content of a memorial amounts to the content of the memorialized event. (A similar belief about the meanings of artworks is also pervasive—it holds that the content of an artwork amounts to whatever it stands for.)</p>
<p>The pair of recently established Holocaust museums in L.A. and Washington, D.C., illustrate the above assumption. While they have been duly scrutinized by public opinion, the normally decorous discourse is in this case colored by contrasting responses to the museums’ unprecedented exploitation of the latest interactive technology. Washington’s United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, reportedly the more sober of the two, offers the personal touch in assigning the visitor an ID card by which he/she may retrieve data from the museum’s computer and thus pursue the real story of a personalized “Shoah pal” (a victim of anti-Semitic persecution who in 1939 had the same age and gender as the visitor’s own). At the other end of the spectrum— and a paramount of politically correct sermonizing—the Museum of Tolerance in Beverly Hills (of all places) submerges you into flatulent environments of mock oppression so as to “make you aware” of how awful bigots are and of how it feels to be on the side of the oppressed.</p>
<p>While the educational content of such exercises can be justifiably examined, I suspect that their configuration undermines them from the outset. In aspiring to engender surrogate experiences of the horrors of the concentration camps so that we who were born after the fact might be mesmerized into following virtuous ways, the people who shaped these museums are bound to see that their noble intentions remain just that. Their conviction that virtual realism will bestow a sense of presentness to a nearly inconceivable event like the Holocaust may well, for practical purposes, have the very opposite effect. (It’s not incidental that the same technology has been developed and implemented by the entertainment industry with fantastically banal results.) As it turns out, a virtual Auschwitz is no more tangible or less surreal than Tomorrowland’s 3-D extravaganza starring Michael Jackson on an intergalactic mission.</p>
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<p>Illusion is not the purpose of a memorial. As Kant suggests in the “Analytic of the Sublime,” horror—truly life-threatening horror—cannot be experienced secondhand, however true to life the representation might be. It follows that if the moral (and the practical) imperative never to forget the Holocaust must be reinforced by works that publicly commemorate it, a suitable aesthetics of memorials—one clearly divorced from crass prosthetics—is called for. Yad Vashem, I believe, is very close to exemplifying an aesthetics of the sort I think is needed (albeit unintentionally).</p>
<p>II. What art has to do with it.</p>
<p>As if the documents gathered in its archives over the past forty years do not suffice to demonstrate the magnitude of the Nazi genocide, Yad Vashem has been flooded with evocative art which, conjuring up mystifying artistic rites, is supposed to surmount the Holocaust’s ungraspability and convey its moral sense. Evidence of the all-too-common illusion that artworks have some sort of intrinsic spiritually healing power, a permanent display of artworks produced by inmates of the camps wishes to show the rise of the human spirit (creating art) even against the most humiliating circumstances. Disappointingly, the works displayed are as sad due to their content as they are for their unremarkable mannerisms. Further, the quack art monuments commissioned explicitly for the memorial are likewise supposed to embody a dignified spiritual overcoming of destiny. Instead, they demonstrate the capability of modern art styles to arbitrarily allegorize just about anything, and they challenge many eminent art historians who’ve been under the impression that style itself creates meaning.</p>
<p>A large-scale bronze relief from the 1950s portraying a group of brave muscular men and women in arms under the title The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising has been carved in the same epic mode that would have filled the bill for Mussolini or Stalin. Another relief, a composition of Picasso-esque clunkiness, somehow signifies From Holocaust to Rebirth, (its iconography comes conveniently translated from inspired-artist language into layman-language in a courtesy pamphlet). Standard minimalism becomes curiously handy for extorting such tropes; an elongated convex slab of stainless steel is no other than The Pillar of Heroism. Such allegories are well meant, but really to no effect. Mistakenly assuming that the works’ certification as art would by itself carry their edifying messages through, their monumentally ambitious makers and the bureaucrats who supported them display an all-too-common misunderstanding of the languages of art, and more relevant for our purposes, of the aspects that relate and differentiate monuments and artworks. I beg the reader to bear with me through a bit of theory before continuing our analysis of the memorial, in order to break through this conceptual fog.</p>
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<p>III. Monuments themselves.</p>
<p>Our conceptions of both artworks and monuments are so closely related that their respective uses and applications often address the same object—usually in the form of large-scale sculpture or allegorical architecture. By force of habit, then, we come to confuse artworks and monuments. In order to disentangle these two conceptual families, we may be inclined to pinpoint the aspects of the aesthetic object that are pertinent to artworks as well as those pertinent to monuments. We would quickly realize that these aspects are not altogether perceptually evident—when they are perceptual at all—but that they presuppose our understanding of established and distinct grammars. Competence in these languages requires our awareness of the particular conditions through which these objects are infused with public meaning, as well as an understanding of the spectator’s task in public meaning’s retrieval. For instance, the public meaning of a monument is pretty much clear-cut (at least on the surface): It is officially established and refers to facts in the world. In contrast, an artwork originates within the artist’s subjectivity, and its malleable significations are forged through complex relationships to the public domain. The grammars of artworks and —respectively— of monuments articulate an aesthetics when the object’s meanings are deployed by way of their audience’s responses and do not simply refer denotatively to their creators’ intentions. In what follows I will sketch the outline of an aesthetics of monumentality by looking into the miscellaneous links of monuments and their meanings.</p>
<p>A. Allegory<br />
The monuments that first come to mind—such as the Statue of Liberty, L’Arc de Triomphe, the monument to Vittorio-Emanuelle—are straightforwardly allegorical, as are most of Yad Vashem’s monuments. All of these are intended to perform as “stand-ins” for the professed greatness of a principle, an achievement, or an individual; such monuments strive to glorify, whether or not the glorification is deserved. Their subjects may be monumental in the sense of being worthy of a monument (their monumental condition preceding the concretizing of the actual monuments, whereby the monument does not monumentalize that which is already monumental but only “honors” it). On the other hand, the subject may be contrived to attain that same monumental condition retroactively through having the monument built (i.e., Saddam Hussein’s monuments to Iraq’s performance in the Gulf War). In this sense, “to monumentalize” means to distort and exaggerate for undue glorification. Of course, whether allegorical monuments do justice in their glorifying or else fraudulently monumentalize is largely a matter of interpretation of historical events and ideologies. Insofar as allegorical meaning is explicitly given by means of denotation, plainly allegorical monuments seldom make for aesthetically convincing experiences.</p>
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<p>B. Metonymy<br />
An object represents metonymically when its subject is referred to, as if by extension, through a spatial or close causal association. Metonymic monuments are places, artifacts, or buildings that are directly related to particular historical events and are officially safeguarded as tokens of history. Any evocative effect produced by such a monument is due to its direct historical links. And, as with religious relics, this effect depends in turn on a leap of faith—the purported links must be believed to be real. Metonymic monuments thus gather an aura, an intrinsic power to evoke their contents, yet for this very reason they do not normally lend themselves to the complex readings of intentionality that are inherent in artworks.</p>
<p>C. Instantiation<br />
There is a more aesthetically involving type of monumentality that incorporates both intentionality and metonymy, and which monumentalizes—in a contrastingly positive sense to which I will heretofore refer when I use the term—by instantiating that which it represents. Such a monument is not just an instrument of political or cultural advertising. Beyond being a tool, as it were, it is the end product itself. Let me explain myself through an example: Pharaoh Cheops’s unparalleled powers and the technological advancements of ancient Egyptian civilization are not just symbolized by but also practically embodied—and thus monumentalized—in the massiveness and sophisticated engineering of the Great Pyramid of Giza. In its presence, the awe- inspiring effect, like that of an artistic masterpiece, is engendered both by its aesthetic proportions and by the awareness that mere mortals were able to bring about such a feat. Hence, independent of whatever denotative or metaphoric meaning we might subsequently want to project onto the pyramid, the monumentalizing agent was itself the monumental event of building it. In contrast to purely allegorical monuments, these instantiating monuments monumentalize by way of their inherent monumentality. And in contrast to the purely metonymical, instantiating monuments are not just tokens of history—they’re also intentional exemplifications of what is monumentalized by them, and thus they close the gap between the representation and the represented. (Not all of the conditions that made the pyramid possible are monumentalized by it—which ones are and aren’t is decided through a grammar of monumentality, an amalgam of aesthetics and ethics. Only a disturbed culture that considered the use of slave labor virtuous would read into the pyramid a monumentalization of slavery.)</p>
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<p>D. The Artwork-Monument Composite<br />
When a monument is also an artwork, its significance qua monument is further complicated, as one would wish to differentiate it from the aesthetic and symbolic modes that pertain to its being an artwork. Monuments are often devised to articulate their references through “artistic” properties, so whether and what such a monument monumentalizes (or monumentalizes in the first sense) needs to be individually interpreted.</p>
<p>Michelangelo’s David is a good case in point. Having discarded the Renaissance’s standards of idealized classical proportion in favor of distortions that allow for expressive tensions in the work’s configuration, the David was a revolutionary sculpture. The Medici declared it a monument to Florence as they sympathized with its calculated balance of pragmatic strength and cultivated delicacy (or so the story goes). But while the huge arms and head of the David juxtaposed with his boyish body may well symbolize the Florentines’ fancies, the sculpture in fact monumentalizes their progressive and independent spirit, instantiated in their adoption of Michelangelo’s unprecedented aesthetics. Thus we may distinguish in the David qualities—physical as well as circumstantial—that are, due to its being an artwork, expressive of Michelangelo’s intentions, and due to its being a monument, expressive of Florence’s culture.</p>
<p>Hence, the David is particularly interesting as a monument because it is simultaneously allegorical (of Florence’s self-image) instantiating (of Florence’s progressive spirit), and even metonymic (as an extension of Florence’s most glorious epoch).</p>
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<p>IV. Monuments and Memory.</p>
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<p>By monument . . . we understand a work produced by human hands and created specifically to keep individual doings and destinies . . . always alive and present in the consciousness of future generations.</p>
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<p>—Alois Riegl in The Modern Cult of Monuments (1903)</p>
<p>Monuments are intended to serve in one way or another as memorials; indeed, one definition of the word “monument” refers to tombs or gravestones. Still, one must bear in mind that not all memorials are meant to be monumental, as is the case with most gravestones. Memorials such as these are not only meant to call to mind the individuals commemorated by them: memorials generally attempt to anchor their subject’s memory to the public domain by concretely conveying some aspect of their bygone presence. A conventional gravestone metaphorizes (metaphorically symbolizes) an individual by recalling, albeit subtly, his/her body’s organically unified mass. (This may partly explain the otherwise senseless vandalism that targets cemeteries.) More elaborate memorials seek to materialize a richer gamut of the deceased’s attributes. In Ptolemaic Egypt, a coffin would be adorned with a faithful portrait of its inmate. In sixteenth-century Italy, a true aristocrat wouldn’t have any less than his noble physique, his virtues, and his achievements properly represented by his tomb—not as mere symbols, but as indisputable testimony to his taste and sophistication. By way of direct instantiation, memorials can get to be much more assertive than their metaphors are. Red Square’s Lenin’s Mausoleum does not limit itself to instantiating aspects of the deceased: it instantiates the deceased. Aseptically embalmed, his bodily presence is regaled in skin and bone for us forgetful and skeptical mortals. (Sadly for the aesthetically conniving, current events in Russia will apparently lead to the dismantling of this spectacular and overswaying reliquary—for once, the body will undoubtedly take its spirit to the grave. RIP.)</p>
<p>V. Monuments of the Sublime.</p>
<p>Given what I’ve said so far about the aesthetics of monuments, it might be hard to picture a nonallegorical monument designed to effectively and collectively memorialize the Holocaust’s six million dead (apart from the metonymic monuments that the ruins of the concentration camps now constitute). An instantiating monument seems to have to be simultaneously formed with its subject (as with Cheops’s pyramid), or its aesthetic properties correlate intimately with its monumentalizing (the David). Further, an aesthetically effective memorial should at least forcefully metaphorize the commemorated subject. But when it comes to the Holocaust, the already monumental void Hitler’s perverse design produced can hardly be convincingly suggested, let alone instantiated by a concrete aesthetic form. Yad Vashem corroborates these strictures by offering fresh evidence of the evocative limitations of monuments.</p>
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<p>A recent addition to Yad Vashem’s roster of failed monuments, the Children’s Memorial is a darkened underground hall entirely covered with mirrors. Five burning memorial candles at the center are reflected into an infinite number of flickers, symbolizing the souls of children who perished in the war. Completing the theatrics, names of victims and their ages are recited through a sound system against spooky yet “meditative” New Age sounds. This patently manipulative and sentimentalizing technique is enough to ward off any mildly developed sensibility in any context, and it is particularly repulsive when applied to a subject which, being so monstrously tragic in itself, demands the utmost solemnity in its commemoration. More significantly for our purposes, the installation is also deficient in regards to its pursued metaphorical force. The unfolding reflections are meant to concretize the idea of infinity, or of a very large number, in order to implement an effect like the one Kant (again) calls “the mathematical sublime”—a morally edifying cognitive condition triggered by our confrontations with phenomenal and conceptual infinity. Although the infinite is indeed conveyed by the Children’s Memorial, its evocation of millions of souls through virtual reflections flops because we are always aware that—except for five of them—these are not real flames but only mirror images, and as such we only derive from them the illusion of millions of souls. This is an effect the “revisionists” who bark that the Holocaust is a fabrication might sympathize with.</p>
<p>The Valley of the Communities is Yad Vashem’s latest—and officially, its last— attraction. Spread over six acres and built like a high-walled labyrinth from Minoan-sized blocks of rock (which are actually only overlays carefully mounted on a poured concrete base), it gives an impression of being manicured ancient ruins. Placed sporadically among them are the names of the five thousand Jewish communities annihilated by the Nazis. While the Valley attempts to concretely convey the magnitude of the atrocity through the monument’s massiveness, and the devastation through its ruin likeness, we are unavoidably taken much more by its creators’ monumental showmanship and their aesthetizing exploits.</p>
<p>Understandably, then, the most overpowering display at Yad Vashem is not a monument or an artwork, not an allegory or a metaphor, however suggestive. Amid the sea of aesthetically diluting multimedia shows at the historical museum stands an unpretentious glass case containing five or six yellow stars, actual remnants and paradigms of Nazi stigmatizing. These almost ephemeral objects are so completely infused with the Holocaust that they radiate all the pain Yad Vashem’s grandiose concoctions would have wished to convey. The effect of these stars is entirely dependent on our believing their authenticity—it is metonymic in the most direct sense.</p>
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<p>VI. Memorials and ritual.</p>
<p>Should Yad Vashem be saved from the purgatory of aesthetic inconsequence, we must put aside considerations as to what its monuments represent, symbolize, or mean. We will instead look into what this monumental collage actually does.</p>
<p>An effective memorial needs to be supported by a ritual that members of a community enact in order to assure the public survival of the intended memory. While this ritualized “sharing” projects the memory into the public domain, the “sharing” does not refer to the partaking in the use of a tangible stand-in for the memory (such as the &#8220;passports&#8221; in the moralizing make-believe game at the American Holocaust museum) but to a communal action performed in earnest. Religion has long provided the framework for the deployment of these rituals. However, memorials such as Washington’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial can actually serve the same purpose. This memorial portrays the amount of the bloodshed and simultaneously acknowledges each individual life by listing the names of the fallen on an otherwise austere black granite wall. It is particularly notable for having been able to generate a peculiar response: Because its layout is limited to stating a sorrowful fact without resorting to allegorizing or metaphorizing fanfare, people feel unintimidated and free to perform their own passions and leave offerings in front of it—a new kind of wailing wall. The honest displays of grief infect those who didn’t lose a relative or an acquaintance in that war, or those who aren’t even American, for that matter. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial demonstrates how the forcefulness of a collective memorial depends on a lot more than its representational references to the memorialized. As quality artworks do, an effective memorial must fashion a relationship with the participating audience, and it must perpetrate through this audience—in Wittgenstein’s jargon—a “form of life.”</p>
<p>Inverting the memorial-to-ritual process, a dynamic and appropriate “form of life” may itself produce a compelling memorial, as is the case with the tragically spreading AIDS quilt. Its monumental size is directly proportional to the growing number of victims, and thus it concretely conveys the epidemic’s magnitude.</p>
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<p>Curiously, in Yad Vashem there is a little-visited mini-memorial that works in much the same way, the Memorial Cave. At the World Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors in 1981, participants brought a few hundred memorial stones in honor of their murdered relatives. Of diverse materials and sizes, the slabs are inscribed in different languages: they sometimes austerely state a name or two, at times indicating a country of origin, sometimes providing a more elaborated text or dedication. Haphazardly mounted on the walls of a small cave, these stones express the individuality of the commemorated as well as the separate acts of remembrance by those who placed them. Their contrasts invite us to inspect each one and to participate in their memorializing as we do so. It’s somewhat disappointing that Yad Vashem’s supervisors underestimated this project’s potential.</p>
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<p>Ultimately, however, and in spite of all its shortcomings, Yad Vashem manages to function as a “quilt” of sorts, each of its constituting patches being a monument that perpetuates the self-imposed ritual of planning, building, and eulogizing Holocaust monuments and memorials. While its individual monuments are for the most part aesthetically wanting, as a composite Yad Vashem persistently articulates the desire to convey what cannot be conveyed, to imagine what couldn’t be imagined even as it was taking place, to memorialize what cannot in itself be properly memorialized. Even though Yad Vashem’s original aesthetic goals may be, as I have suggested, fundamentally impossible to achieve, there remains an ever present moral imperative to fuel its persistence. In this persistence Yad Vashem monumentalizes its mission: Keeping the memory alive. Hence, in spite of having been (mis)conceived as “the monument to the victims of the Holocaust,” Yad Vashem monumentalizes (instantiatingly) our memory of them. It will do so for as long as the project endures. Self-satisfaction or giving up will undermine this “form of life” whose sustenance is indeed the proliferation of memorials. Declaring it “completed” is therefore as immoral as it is aesthetically wrong. In fact, Yad Vashem’s “completion” is immoral because it is aesthetically wrong—a corollary that isn’t arrived at often enough.</p>
<p>Insofar as it would consolidate the reinstatement of sedentary Jewishness, liturgy teaches Jews to look forward to the building of the Temple, where regular sacrifices may again be consecrated to God. The new Temple may come true as a secular one, dedicated to the remembrance, rather than the performance, of sacrifice.</p>
<p>©Yishai Jusidman, 1994</p>
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		<description><![CDATA[Tomando forma, surtiendo efecto.     &#160; “Matices sutiles de comportamiento. ¿Por qué son importantes? Porque tienen consecuencias importantes.” Wittgenstein, Investigaciones Filosóficas, IIxi. [Nota: El original de Wittgenstein es en alemán, el inglés es ya una traducción, por lo cual aquí deberíamos poner la cita en castellano.] &#160; I. Contra la sabiduría popular, la satisfacción [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 align="center">Tomando forma, surtiendo efecto.</h2>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“Matices sutiles de comportamiento. ¿Por qué son importantes? Porque tienen consecuencias importantes.” Wittgenstein, Investigaciones Filosóficas, IIxi.</p>
<p>[Nota: El original de Wittgenstein es en alemán, el inglés es ya una traducción, por lo cual aquí deberíamos poner la cita en castellano.]</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>I.</p>
<p>Contra la sabiduría popular, la satisfacción más singular del pintor no se deriva del desahogo terapéutico que puede conllevar el rayonear, manchar, embarrar una tela pulcra. Más bien, lo que a uno le mantiene pintando es fruto de un esfuerzo bien premeditado; es la sensación un tanto demiúrgica que se consigue al aplicar alguna figura, cierto color, tal pincelada de modo que el material manipulado genera un efecto plástico sujeto al deseo propio del pintor, un efecto justo antes inexistente y justo después públicamente accesible. La gestación de un efecto plástico puede ser compleja desde el punto de vista técnico, pero la complejidad que me interesa ahora es de otro tipo; es la complejidad de lo que uno debe asumir para poder apreciar un efecto plástico (el sentido de “apreciar” debe tomarse primero como “percibir” y luego como “valorar”). Un efecto plástico se hace mientras se ve y se ve mientras se hace. Y al hacerse, la pintura toma forma y surte efecto de manera simultánea. La forma plástica de la pintura se materializa artesanalmente, y se va generando en la medida en que el plano pictórico se articula, se consolida y surte efecto.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Quiero señalar con lo anterior que en una pintura –sea figurativa o abstracta, realista o expresionista– no hay efecto plástico sin plano pictórico, ni plano pictórico sin efecto plástico. Cabe aclarar que los términos “plano pictórico” y “efecto plástico” distan de ser sinónimos, para evitar la sospecha de tratarse de un sofisma. El contraste que aquí nos concierne radica en que todo efecto plástico es por definición visible, mientras que el plano pictórico, como lo sugeriré, no es objeto sino condición de nuestra visión pictórica y plataforma implícita de todo efecto plástico.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>II.</p>
<p>Para explicarme mejor quisiera comenzar por señalar cómo fue que precisamente Clement Greenberg, el crítico de arte más preocupado por estos asuntos, no vislumbró la relación aquí demarcada, en tanto que él pensaba que sí es factible la obtención de un plano pictórico sin relación con un efecto plástico. Recordemos algunos conocidos pasajes de Greenberg en los que la idea de “planitud” (<em>flatness</em>) se propone como la norma regidora de la pintura modernista. En “After Abstract Expresionism”, de 1962, decía:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“… ahora parece haberse establecido que la esencia irreducible del arte pictórico consiste en apenas dos convenciones o normas: la planitud y la delimitación de la planitud; y que la observancia de estas normas basta para crear un objeto que pueda ser percibido como un “cuadro pictórico” (<em>picture</em>): de este modo una tela estirada existe ya como un “cuadro pictórico”– pero no necesariamente como uno exitoso”.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Greenberg parece suscribirse a la idea de que el plano pictórico es concomitante con la planitud de la superficie sobre la cual el cuadro se pinta, de que el hecho de que existe la planitud delimitada de la tela es suficiente para que esa planitud física sea ipso facto pictórica también. Dicha posición es consistente con su interpretación del devenir de la pintura moderna como la había delineado veintidós años antes en “Towards a Newer Laocoon” (1940):</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“… Pero lo más importante de todo, el propio plano pictórico se vuelve más y más somero; aplanando y comprimiendo los planos ficticios de profundidad hasta que se encuentran como uno solo en el plano material y real que es propiamente la superficie de la tela…”</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Partiendo de tal concepción, no habría de extrañarnos la predilección de Greenberg por la obra de Morris Louis hacia principios de los años sesenta. Pues Louis, más que pintar sus telas, las teñía, y con ello asimilaba literalmente el plano del color a la superficie física encarnada por la tela. Por otra parte, si Greenberg hubiera atinado en el caso de Louis como atinó en el caso de Pollock, debería de extrañarnos el porqué la obra de Morris Louis no ha logrado sobrellevar a su favor los embates de la historia del arte consiguiente. A mí me parece que el error en el juicio de Greenberg con respecto a la calidad de la pintura de Louis radicaba precisamente en haber identificado someramente el plano pictórico con la superficie física de la obra.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>A partir de su destilación particular de la noción de planitud en “After Abstract Expresionism”, Greenberg se ve obligado a aceptar la inclusión del monocromo minimalista dentro del campo de la pintura, pero, puntualmente añade, no por ello es necesariamente una pintura exitosa. En “Modernist Painting” (1960) señalaba lo requerido para el éxito de una pintura modernista:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“… La planitud hacia la cual se orienta la pintura modernista no puede llegar a ser nunca una planitud absoluta. La sensibilidad agudizada del plano pictórico puede ya no permitir la ilusión escultórica, o el <em>trompe-l’oeil</em>, pero sí puede y debe permitir la ilusión óptica. La primera marca hecha sobre una tela destruye su planitud absoluta y literal, y el resultado de las marcas hechas por un artista como Mondrian es una especie de ilusión que sugiere una tercera dimensión. Sólo que ahora es una tercera dimensión estrictamente pictórica y óptica…”</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Para Greenberg, entonces, la calidad de una pintura modernista recae en una articulación circunscrita por dos parámetros: la condición de planitud y “la ilusión de una tercera dimensión estrictamente pictórica y óptica”. La postulación de este tipo de ilusión por parte de Greenberg respondía probablemente a su rechazo por la planimetría concreta, patentemente anti-ilusionista, que el joven Frank Stella practicaba desde 1959 y la cual sería en breve llevada a su límite por los minimalistas. Sin embargo, la respuesta neo-ilusionista de Greenberg contradice literalmente su propio ensayo de 1944, “Abstract Art”, donde afirma que:</p>
<p>“… El sentido profundo de la transformación [de la pintura moderna] es que en una época en la que todo tipo de ilusiones están siendo destruidas, los métodos ilusionistas del arte deben ser igualmente rechazados”.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>El asunto sería menos escabroso si entendiéramos lo que en “Modernist Painting” Greenberg llama “la ilusión de una tercera dimensión estrictamente pictórica y óptica” simplemente como parte de lo que entendemos como “efecto plástico”, evitando así traer a colación la idea de ilusionismo. Sin embargo, aún así quedaría por clarificar qué tipo de efecto plástico Greenberg desea invocar. Para apoyar la abstracción a costa del naturalismo, el efecto plástico particular que Greenberg promueve en “Modernist Painting” debe permitir “la sensibilidad agudizada del plano pictórico”, y como consecuencia de la identificación del plano pictórico con la superficie de la obra resulta que “la sensibilidad agudizada” a esta superficie no es compatible con los efectos plásticos de la pintura naturalista. En cierto modo la atención enfocada en la planitud de la superficie del cuadro puede distraernos del efecto de la imagen representada. Pero aun cuando estemos dispuestos a aceptar la antítesis entre superficie e imagen, si no asimilamos el plano pictórico con la superficie física del cuadro no tendría por qué deducirse desde aquí, primero, la antítesis entre el plano y la imagen, y segundo, el rechazo del naturalismo. De hecho, mi intención es no solamente negar la identificación greenbergiana del plano pictórico con la superficie de la obra, sino además sugerir que plano e imagen son mutuamente dependientes, que no hay plano sin imagen, y que un esquema pictórico reformulado a través de esta relación, en lugar de cerrar la gama de posibilidades de la pintura como lo hizo el reductivismo modernista, permite a la pintura desenvolverse creativamente aún salvaguardando su sumisión a lineamientos de orden formal.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>III.</p>
<p>Para deslindar el plano pictórico de la superficie pictórica debemos comenzar por rebatir el argumento que los asimila el uno a la otra. La noción greenbergiana de planitud pictórica se desprende de la idea enunciada en el ensayo “Abstract Art” de 1944, alusiva a que nuestra experiencia visual es “esencialmente bidimensional”, y por ello, según este argumento, una pintura fiel a la experiencia visual debe ser también “esencialmente bidimensional”. El argumento es rebatible desde varios flancos, el más evidente y efectivo sería una reducción al absurdo. Si nuestra experiencia visual fuese esencialmente bidimensional, cualquier cosa que pintáramos sobre una tela sería percibida como esencialmente bidimensional sin importar su grado de naturalismo, tan esencialmente bidimensional como el resto de nuestras percepciones visuales extra-pictóricas. Una epistemología que postulase que lo único que “realmente” vemos son manchas de color proyectadas bidimensionalmente en la retina cancelaría de tajo la noción de superficie pictórica, pues  la deducción de las superficies de objetos a partir de nuestra percepción visual sería insostenible bajo tal esquema, y también la noción de plano pictórico quedaría cancelada porque no sería justificable suponer un plano proyectado más allá del plano esencial retiniano.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Podemos recurrir a la indagación anatómica de la Óptica de Descartes, a la lógica de las categorías kantianas en la percepción humana, e incluso al sentido común de G. E. Moore y de cualquier persona pedestre, para afirmar que nuestra experiencia visual es intrínsecamente tridimensional, que podemos ver, por lo menos, las superficies de los objetos, y que entre los objetos que ocupan una extensión de espacio y poseen densidad y peso existe una clase de objetos que llamamos “pinturas”. Nadie en sus cabales puede negar que podemos ver las superficies de las pinturas. Lo que resulta insensato, en todo caso, es la idea de que las pinturas pudieran ser percibidas bidimensionalmente.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Pues para entender lo que sería el acto de “percibir bidimensionalmente” tratemos de imaginar un ser que habita un universo bidimensional. Si ese ser fuera capaz de percibir visualmente, lo que percibiría serían exclusivamente sucesiones de puntos sobre un horizonte sin amplitud, y en ese caso sería demasiado forzado hablar de una percepción espacial. Nuestra percepción de ese entorno bidimensional desde nuestro espacio tridimensional podría ser inmanente, como la idea que tenemos de la inmanencia de Dios en nuestro espacio. Pero así como Dios no percibe tridimensionalmente en el sentido de que en su inmanencia no percibe a la distancia (pues lo percibe Todo de  golpe), nosotros no percibiríamos bidimensionalmente al percibir un universo bidimensional desde nuestro universo tridimensional. Lo cual no quiere decir que no podamos concebir la noción de bidimensionalidad. Y precisamente es esto lo que hacemos cuando pensamos el plano pictórico como una proyección conceptualizada de una bidimensionalidad sugerida por la superficie de la pintura, pero no encarnada en ella. El plano pictórico no es físicamente tangible ni localizable, sino que entra de lleno en el campo de la representación. Por lo anterior, la percepción de la pintura implica simultáneamente la percepción de una tridimensionalidad real que sostiene la existencia de un objeto pictórico y de una bidimensionalidad imaginada que posibilita la percepción de la representación pictórica.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>IV.</p>
<p>Al haber deslindado el plano pictórico de la superficie de la obra, podemos proceder a analizar brevemente la simbiosis que se da entre plano e imagen en el campo de la representación. Anotemos de paso la relativa injusticia en condenar severamente a Greenberg por haber ignorado este fenómeno, pues las teorías de la representación entonces vigentes tampoco lo discernían. Tanto Wittgenstein como Gombrich proponían que la mirada con la cual captamos las escenas mostradas en pinturas, fotografías, pantallas, paredes húmedas y nubes, se sostienen en base a un tipo de atención denominada “ver-como” (<em>seeing-as</em>). Basándose en el ya imprescindible ejercicio óptico del pato/conejo, en el cual un dibujo puede verse como la descripción de un pato o bien como la descripción de un conejo, se dice que la mirada de la representación oscila entre atender un aspecto u otro del mismo objeto, mas no puede concentrarse en los dos al mismo tiempo. Respetando dicho esquema, Greenberg asumía que nuestra atención al plano pictórico era incompatible con la atención a la imagen representada, y así lo enuncia en uno de los pasajes más pomposos de “Modernist Painting”:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“… Mientras uno tiende a ver qué hay en [una pintura de] los Viejos Maestros antes de ver el cuadro pictórico, uno ve un cuadro modernista primeramente como un cuadro pictórico. Esta última es, por supuesto, la mejor manera de ver cualquier tipo de cuadro…”</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Si bien la  noción de “ver-como” está bien aplicada al ejercicio del pato/conejo, es erróneo extender esta aplicación a toda nuestra percepción asociada con la representación visual, y así lo ha demostrado el filósofo Richard Wollheim en diversos ensayos publicados desde los años sesenta, culminando con el libro <em>Painting as an Art</em> de 1987. Según Wollheim, cuando vemos, digamos, un retrato pintado, no alternamos entre verlo-como una pintura y verlo-como el personaje retratado, sino que lo vemos, valga la redundancia, como un personaje pintado. Wollheim ha acuñado el término “ver-en” (<em>seeing-in</em>) para describir cómo vemos un cuadro, viendo al retratado “en” el cuadro. Wollheim anota que nuestra percepción de un objeto es multivalente, en el sentido de que percibimos varios aspectos del mismo objeto en una misma experiencia: por ejemplo, al ver pasar un Mercedes-Benz último modelo se percibe al mismo tiempo un medio de transporte, un diseño elegante, una mercancía de lujo, un blanco para secuestradores. Así que no resulta problemático aceptar la bivalencia cualitativa (<em>twofoldness</em>) de nuestra percepción de la pintura, una bivalencia que incluye dos aspectos irreductibles de una misma experiencia visual: el aspecto material inferido desde el soporte objetual y el aspecto representativo producto de la resolución pictórica.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Es inapelable la equivocación de Greenberg al decir que en la pintura de los Viejos Maestros vemos primero qué hay en el cuadro y luego vemos el cuadro como tal; pues es de hecho imposible ver qué hay en un cuadro sin verlo, de entrada, como un cuadro. Surge la pregunta: ¿Qué se requiere para ver un cuadro “como un cuadro”?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>La pregunta es relevante en tanto que una escultura figurativa, una señalización de tránsito y una nube con forma sugerente también producen la bivalencia cualitativa señalada por Wollheim: vemos al David “en” la piedra tallada por Miguel Ángel, como vemos las siluetas de niños corriendo “en” el letrero amarillo y al animal fantástico “en” el vapor de la nube. Me parece que la respuesta está en que, para poder ver el cuadro como cuadro, se requiere primeramente que la atención del “ver-en” sea posibilitada por la mediación del plano pictórico. Y estoy de acuerdo hasta cierto punto con el requerimiento impuesto por Greenberg en “Modernist Painting” en cuanto un cuadro, visto como un cuadro eficaz, articula en términos de una especie de espacialidad visual. Extrapolando a Greenberg, yo añadiría que un cuadro articula en términos de espacialidades ficticias percibidas gracias a la mediación de un plano pictórico concebido como bidimensional, cuya necesaria inmaterialidad posibilita en nuestra percepción la delimitación entre dimensionalidad real y dimensionalidad ficticia en una sola experiencia visual. De aquí que la imagen pictórica y el plano pictórico sean empíricamente indisociables.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>V.</p>
<p>Buena parte de lo que se ha dicho aquí sobre la noción de plano pictórico es válido para la pintura tanto como para las imágenes proyectadas en la fotografía, el cine y el vídeo. La eficacia perceptual de estos medios de reproducción mecánica depende del minimizar las calidades táctiles de la superficie de proyección –sea papel emulsionado, una pantalla reflejante o un cinescopio– de modo que el plano pictórico embona cómodamente con la superficie de proyección. Aquí vale la pena considerar el contraste con las nuevas tecnologías holográficas y de 3-D, en las que el efecto de <em>trompe-l’oeil</em> se cristaliza en proporción a la eliminación del plano pictórico como delimitador entre dimensionalidad real y dimensionalidad ficticia.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Mientras la sofisticación tecnológica busca acomodarse a la simplicidad perceptual, la pintura se consolida al añadir un nivel mayor de complejidad en su condición matérica y artesanal. La condición matérica y artesanal es condición necesaria de la pintura, como lo es la articulación del plano pictórico. En este sentido no puede hacerse una pintura sin la manipulación artesanal del medio, así como no hay pintura sin plano pictórico. Lo que puede resaltarse o minimizarse al pintar son las maneras en que el material es manipulado, pero no puede evitarse que la pintura sea material. Greenberg puede nuevamente servirnos de contrapunto para ahondar en el asunto. Así como la planitud greenbergiana depende de la incompatibilidad perceptual entre superficie e imagen, también depende de la contraposición referencial entre materialidad y literalidad (entre medio y literatura).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“… Las cualidades puramente plásticas ó abstractas son las únicas que cuentan. Si enfatizas el medio y sus dificultades, y al mismo tiempo lo puramente plástico, los valores propios del arte visual salen a relucir. Subyuga al medio hasta donde la sensación de su resistencia desaparece, y los usos superfluos del arte se vuelven más importantes” (“Towards a Newer Laocoon”, 1940).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Greenberg parece tener en mente la pintura victoriana y de salón, a los pre-rafaelitas y a Gérome y Bouguereau, y quiere achacarle al naturalismo melosamente amanerado del XIX la culpa por los excesos simbólico-literarios de los pintores, excesos que Greenberg tacha de antipictóricos. Sin embargo, los abusos literarios en la pintura  no son producto de uno u otro estilo. El propio Greenberg habla así de la obra patentemente matérica de Tamayo en 1947:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“… Tamayo… localiza el exceso de emoción –la emoción que sus medios artísticos no son suficientemente grandes o fuertes para digerir– en gestos, la mueca de una cara, la hinchazón de una pierna… Esto resulta finalmente en un intento por evitar los problemas de la unidad plástica al invocar directamente… la susceptibilidad del espectador por la literatura, que incluye los efectos teatrales… Si un pintor tan bueno [como Tamayo] puede cometer un error tan garrafal, entonces la pintura en general ha perdido confianza en sí misma…”</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>La fórmula de Greenberg que dice “A menos resistencia del medio más literaria la pintura” es insostenible; pero no debido a las propias inconsistencias de Greenberg en su aplicación de la fórmula, sino porque, de entrada, la idea misma de la resistencia del medio es incongruente. El medio no posee ninguna calidad plástica intrínseca —no es más que pigmento y aglutinante cuyas posibilidades plásticas se aprovechan, o no, según el deseo y la habilidad del pintor—. El medio no es medio si no media: el pintor decide si disimular o enfatizar sus pinceladas, pulir o texturizar la superficie del cuadro, mimetizar o distorsionar las relaciones de color de lo que describe, generar un espacio ficticio profundo o uno plano. El medio no fue diseñado con el propósito de resistirse a una u otra de estas estrategias, sino con el de aprovechar las estrategias posibles en la articulación pictórica de la representación.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>El medio es a la representación en la pintura lo que el plano pictórico es a la imagen. Hemos visto que la función plano pictórico/imagen no se limita a la pintura, del mismo modo que la representación articulada con pintura como medio no es necesariamente una articulación pictórica. Pensemos simplemente en los textos pintados de Christopher Wool, en las fechas de On Kawara, obras patentemente realizadas con el propósito de evitar la generación de un plano pictórico. Llamar o no “pintura” a estas obras es meramente una cuestión semántica.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>He dicho al comenzar que la pintura toma forma y surte efecto simultáneamente en la gestación de un efecto plástico. Finalmente, la eficacia del efecto plástico requiere de la conjunción del plano pictórico como vehículo de la imagen y del medio como vehículo de representación. Como hemos visto, ninguno de estos factores es prescindible ni tampoco se puede dar prioridad a uno sobre el otro. La satisfacción del pintor radica precisamente en encontrar, a través de su labor, efectos plásticos como manifestaciones concretas de estas condiciones formales. En ello no encontraremos la finalidad del arte de la pintura, sino apenas su principio.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Yishai Jusidman</p>
<p>Abril-mayo 2002</p>
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		<title>My Girl / Mi chica</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 19 Jan 2013 02:40:29 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[My Girl     I&#8217;ve got sunshine On a cloudy day&#8230; Well, I guess you&#8217;ll say What can make me feel this way? The Temptations, 1964 &#160; I saw Vermeer&#8217;s best known and most reproduced painting at the Mauritshuis while travelling in 1983, before heading off to art school in California. I had just paid [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 align="center">My Girl</h2>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="right"><em>I&#8217;ve got sunshine<br />
On a cloudy day&#8230;<br />
Well, I guess you&#8217;ll say<br />
What can make me feel this way?</em></p>
<p align="right">The Temptations, 1964</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>I saw Vermeer&#8217;s best known and most reproduced painting at the Mauritshuis while travelling in 1983, before heading off to art school in California. I had just paid my respects to the Rembrandts and the Van Goghs in Amsterdam, and checked on the minimal and conceptual art in Rotterdam. In The Hague it was a rainy, off-season day—and years before the museum-blockbuster vogue spread enough to do away with the possibility for a close encounter with a famous artwork. Somehow that day at the Mauritshuis I happened to walk into a providentially vacant gallery where I found myself before the portrait of the young girl in a blue and yellow turban, her presence instantaneously gleaming as she glances over her shoulder at you, affectionately, as though you were a close friend. True to legend, the retinal delectation elicited by the painter&#8217;s craft turns out to be dumbfounding, but you&#8217;re just as much drawn in by the sitter&#8217;s congeniality; she&#8217;s not a princess nor a saint nor a merchant&#8217;s wife, and her demeanor is rather snapshot-casual, oddly unlike old-master portraiture. She might be turning to greet you, or perhaps she&#8217;s about to turn away after bidding you good-bye. Maybe if you stayed right there long enough you&#8217;d catch her faintest move . . . if only the craquelure, the ornate frame and three full centuries didn&#8217;t stand in the way between you and her.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>I remained still before <em>Girl with a Pearl Earring</em> for a very long while, mesmerized by Vermeer&#8217;s palpable creation of light and flesh out of pigment and oil, of the warmth of humanity out of unfeeling matter, of ageless beauty out of meticulous labor. At some point I tried to head out. But as I turned my back to this canvas I thought of the kind girl looking out from inside the picture plane and smiling pleadingly at no one. Were I to step away, this masterpiece would remain unheeded and my newfound friend abandoned. Sooner than becoming an accessory to such neglect, I surrendered again to <em>her</em> spell (the painting&#8217;s, the girl&#8217;s) for a bit longer. I repeatedly stopped myself from leaving—but in due course had to let go, taking my guilt with me along with an overwhelming proof that an old painting can bring about the all-encompassing empathy one reserves for living breathing persons.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>In time, amazement led to puzzlement: How come I am moved so by a piece of stretched cloth covered in paint, of which so little is known otherwise? Could this be a product of self-suggestion, a sort of hallucination rooted in one&#8217;s heartfelt belief in art? Among my classmates, the more cerebral saw my emotive response as disclosing some sort of fetishistic sublimation—echoing the sweeping condemnation of aesthetic response as the by-product of a failure of reason. The more esoterically inclined swiftly challenged this harsh verdict, in turn invoking the supernatural powers often attributed to art. The first outlook takes the aesthetic to be an illusory psychological projection, maybe prompted by an individual&#8217;s proto-paranoid disposition. The second takes it to be something of a mystical epiphany, intellectually grasped inasmuch as the miraculous is. However opposed these positions are, they both subsume the experience of any single work of art under all-inclusive theories of art, where all works partake in either a chimerical or a divine enterprise. Alas, these sweeping, sophomoric presumptions would not lend a hand to an aspiring painter who was trying to figure what makes it possible for a painting to do what<em> Girl with a Pearl Earring </em>does. Early on I realized that I&#8217;d have to set out on my own to identify the conditions that underpin the extraordinary effect this painting had over me, and that other paintings just don&#8217;t match.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Over the years I&#8217;ve focused on some of the technical aspects of this portrait—the straightforward but effective color scheme, the balance of shapes and masses, the alternating use of detailed and simplified rendering, and the probable aid of a Camera Obscura. I also researched what is known from the painting&#8217;s record: the speculations on the still-unidentified sitter and the putative significance of her &#8220;Turkish&#8221; attire, the baffling lack of traces on the origin of the painting before its purchase for two guilders at auction in 1882, and our complete ignorance of Vermeer&#8217;s motivation for painting it in the first place. If there&#8217;s anything to learn here it&#8217;s that neither technique nor history significantly help us appreciate this painting more fully than we already do.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>What I was subsequently taught in art school ended up being of little use when addressing my developing Vermeerphilia. For decades, the reigning intelligentsia in academia has staunchly held on to materialist readings of art that approach artworks either as vessels, as carriers of messages, or as cultural instruments, and compound their worth inasmuch as they can be tied to noble ideals or critical questionings of ruling power. <em>Girl with a Pearl Earring</em>, however, is completely mute herein; a pretty face in the least, a sphinx at most.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The questions launched by my experience of the portrait were hardly enlightened by my further studies. Many of the prestigious thinkers I read at the time were thoroughly preoccupied with incorporating the radical, mind-twisting instances of the avant-garde into their theoretical constructs, as though one could not suitably appreciate art without understanding Duchamp first. For instance, both Arthur Danto and George Dickey developed versions of the Institutional Theory of Art to account for the readymade, arguing that a particular cultural framework must exist for such contraptions to make sense as artworks, hence the curious arena we call <em>the artworld</em>. This is indeed nifty when the need arises for certifying a <em>pissoir</em> and canned <em>merda d&#8217;artista</em> as art, but it is inconsequential when considering <em>Girl with a Pearl Earring, </em>for this work would count as art wherever and whenever the word &#8220;art&#8221; retains a meaning we can remotely recognize, irrespective of whether an institution exists to sanction the attribution.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Danto also discredits the dilettantish concern for the lack of traditional dexterity in some of the most prominent art of the past century by arguing that what makes something art is not a visually perceptible quality, but the condition of <em>aboutness, </em>which purportedly allows an artwork to possess content. Danto comes up with this rhetorical conceit while concocting the hypothetical problem of indiscernibles, such as two otherwise identical monochrome paintings that differ only in their &#8220;embodied&#8221; meaning. <em>Aboutness,</em> however, is doubly useless when considering <em>Girl with a Pearl Earring</em>; for, firstly, there&#8217;s hardly a chance we&#8217;ll ever come up against this painting&#8217;s <em>indiscernible </em>double, and, secondly, if we ever were, we&#8217;d still have no clue as to what the Vermeer is actually about at all.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Other philosophers I read over the years also have much to reflect on the perceptual challenges posed by modern painting. Among the brightest of them, Richard Wolheim championed the notion of <em>seeing-in</em> as a psychological ability that allows us to perceptually make sense of complicated pictures. Following Leonardo da Vinci&#8217;s age-old instructive that we may use our imagination to find landscapes or battles <em>in</em> the patterns formed by damp walls, Wollheim advocates that <em>seeing</em>-<em>in</em> is just what we do when seeing a woman <em>in</em>, say, a Picasso or a De Kooning. I have long sympathized with Wollheim&#8217;s assessments, but it can be a bit of a stretch to posit a special mental faculty in order to explain our seeing the woman <em>in</em> Vermeer&#8217;s painting—really, if you don&#8217;t see her you might as well be blind!</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Something more obliging to the way one actually perceives this painting might be carved out from a suggestion by Joseph Margolis that I&#8217;ve recently come across, to the effect that paintings such as Vermeer&#8217;s are transparent to us in the way speech is: When we hear someone speaking our language we do not hear the sounds and then attach meanings to them, nor do we hear meanings <em>in</em> the sounds: rather, we hear words and sentences <em>with</em> their meanings. We recognize a word by its meaning, otherwise it&#8217;s just clatter. Likewise, when we see a Vermeer, we do not see first the color arrangement on the picture&#8217;s surface and then associate what&#8217;s depicted with the colors; we see the colors <em>with</em> the depiction. (In fact, one may argue that we don&#8217;t even <em>see</em> the surface unless we get close enough and purposely focus on it.)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>I welcome Margolis&#8217;s point, but the analogy with spoken language cannot be taken at its word (mind the pun), because articulating a &#8220;transparent&#8221; sentence is a pedestrian feat while crafting a &#8220;transparent&#8221; painting isn’t, and, moreover, because the prospect for a painting to achieve transparency is not a function of our degree of familiarity with the semantics of an arbitrary sign system. We&#8217;d be better served by following the teachings of the later Wittgenstein, taking Margolis&#8217;s impression of spoken language transparency as evidence that the sense of a sentence is not triggered by a process parallel to hearing it. Correspondingly, the impression of transparency upon seeing <em>Girl with a Pearl Earring</em> is direct and immediate evidence of its depictive, expressive, and aesthetic qualities.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>It’s helpful to think of painting through the peculiarities of words and sentences, but art is not language, or at least it&#8217;s not <em>just</em> language, and the differences between the two are all too often overlooked in our critique-obsessed artworld. To wit, one should never disregard the fact that paintings are solid objects, not utterances. The depictive and expressive transparency that certain paintings such as Vermeer&#8217;s attain is better thought of in terms of our attitudes towards persons vis-à-vis their bodies. Whatever human qualities we attribute to a person we engage with are not, as it were, parallel to her body but are one with it. Yes, a body is a mass of flesh and bone, but is human insofar as it becomes transparent vis-à-vis the person we relate to. Similarly, a painting is a jumble of paint arranged on a surface, but it is expressive only insofar as the paint jumble becomes transparent vis-à-vis the artwork we relate to.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>When it comes to individuals&#8217; affections and taste, artworks are like people; we love some, admire a few, hate others, and are indifferent to most. Nonetheless, the bolder proposal I&#8217;m making here is that works of art like <em>Girl with a Pearl Earring </em>are themselves cohesive in the way persons are. When we approach an artwork of this type—and this is evident at first sight—we are attracted by its character, clarity, beauty, generosity, eloquence and forcefulness. We don&#8217;t require an explanation, a defense or an eulogy of it. We want to <em>be</em> with it. We start by asking something like &#8220;<em>Who</em> are you?&#8221; instead of &#8220;<em>What</em> do you mean?&#8221; This is one reason why we have struggled for centuries to pinpoint the conditions that allow such artworks to do what they do: these perplexing conditions could very well be much the same ones that allow us <em>to be who we are.  </em>We may never figure them out, but, thankfully, this is no obstacle for such artworks to make us feel as cherished and treasured in their presence as they are by us.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Of course, artworks are not persons, just as they are not language. But if I am correct, and these rare objects are truly infused with, and do not just represent human qualities, then we can trust—unlike my skeptical classmates of old—that our heartfelt belief in art is perfectly coherent, and so it need not lead us inevitably to hallucination or illusion—unless, that is, the whole world is one.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Nowadays, one could no longer find oneself alone in a room with an über-famous artwork like <em>Girl with a Pearl Earring</em>, as I did back in 1983. But if per chance I ever were to get another solitary audience with this painting, she&#8217;d be even more radiant and beautiful, since she was restored in the mid-nineties—while I&#8217;d be a sadder, much older and unrestored sight, my consolation being that she&#8217;d treat me just the same, as though <em>I </em>never left <em>her.</em> Come to think of it, she’s never left me, either.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Yishai Jusidman</p>
<p>Los Angeles, January 2011.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>Manifesto</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 19 Jan 2013 02:33:44 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Unassuming painting &#160; 1. Flaky aesthetics begin by ascribing therapeutic or redemptive abilities —religious, existential, socio-political— to artworks.  Flaky aesthetics then proceed to fashion truth-driven artworks into illustrations of mystifying chimeras, and goodness-driven artworks into surrogates of well-intentioned activism. &#160; 2. Still, it shouldn’t be denied that flaky aesthetics can be seedbeds for great artworks. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Unassuming painting</h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>1. Flaky aesthetics begin by ascribing therapeutic or redemptive abilities —religious, existential, socio-political— to artworks.  Flaky aesthetics then proceed to fashion <em>truth</em>-driven artworks into illustrations of mystifying chimeras, and <em>goodness</em>-driven artworks into surrogates of well-intentioned activism.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>2. Still, it shouldn’t be denied that flaky aesthetics can be seedbeds for great artworks. Just think of Mondrian, whose esoteric convictions do not exactly add to his works’ aesthetic efficacy. Interestingly, we would find it difficult to accept the opposite— that great artworks can underscore flaky aesthetics. Great artworks may somehow outdo their authors and the aesthetics fueling them. So perhaps a sensible aesthetic outlook should take the possibility of such dissociations into account.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>3. My grammar-school teacher taught us in class, as required by the official curricula, that “Art is a form of expression” (<em>El arte es una forma de expresión</em>). Far from posing as a sufficient definition of Art (it is too vague for that) I believe this proposition can be a subdued and sobering directive as long as suggestions of therapeutic expressivism are avoided.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>4. Late in life, Wittgenstein had left many lofty designs behind. He was no longer concerned with anchoring Truth (as the positivists were) nor with dictating an ethical code (as, say, the existentialists would be). Instead, he primarily devoted himself to analyzing the efficacy of human interchange. Following Wittgenstein liberally, a <em>form of expression</em> is eloquent (even conceivable) insofar as it conforms to a publicly acknowledged practice that bestows sense to individual behavior. Such practices rely on shared dispositions and expectations which are shaped by natural and cultural circumstances. While natural law remains constant, culture’s relative fluidity fosters the dynamics of such communal, meaning-bestowing practices, known in Ludwig’s lingo as <em>forms of life</em>.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>5.  Painting’s dynamics are circumscribed by the weight of its history, by its thoroughly developed plastic syntax and by the ever-relevant constrains of its specific materiality. In painting, as in mature <em>forms of life</em>, presuppositions upheld by force of habit become stifling myths, clichés and articles of faith. A good painting may outdo its author’s intentions and even his/her flaky aesthetics by contributing to the fluidity of painting’s <em>form of life</em>— by oiling, tuning up, refurbishing its <em>forms of expression</em>. A lousy painting will simply contribute to the rusting of the gears (beware of the elegance of rust).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>6. If Picasso reconfigured painting’s engine, Mondrian streamlined its body, DeKooning and Pollock added turbo-drive, and Terry Winters recently refilled the anti-freeze, I would see my work as something of an injector cleaner that seeks to remove undesirable clogging particles. The obstruction here is consequence of certain pseudo-categorical dichotomies that have become avant-garde commonplaces. I’m referring to dichotomies such as formalism/expressionism, form/content, figuration/abstraction, contemplative/critical, painterly/conceptual. In order to disprove the mutual exclusivity of these terms, their repositioning must be carried out from within painting and through plastic articulation— that is, through staging a painterly dialectic that dissolves the exclusivity of the dichotomized categories, a dialectic resolved, if at all, in the work’s pictorial efficacy.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>7.    Pictorial efficacy is not measured by what a painting stands in for, but by how it functions within its operational parameters (materials, color, subject matter, public presentation). In my work, Sumo wrestlers are posited as triggers of plastic play; psychotics are cautiously assimilated as tools for reconditioning the appreciation of painterly expressiveness; painters are readily chosen as active operators in stagings of crisscrossing pictorial relations. But the efficacy these paintings aspire to —notwithstanding my self-assertive justifications— must be carried through by virtue of the viewer’s judgement…  instigated, nourished and tempered by the firsthand experience of the works. I hereby rest my case.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Yishai Jusidman</p>
<p>Mexico City, March 2001</p>
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		<title>mutatis mutandis prints</title>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 06:30:05 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>narciso</title>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 05:26:53 +0000</pubDate>
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